Evolutionary Biology: Volume 21

ISBN-13: 9781461569886 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 434 str.

Max Hecht

Opis

Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-first volume, continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and com mentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology and behavior to molecular biology and systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as evolution of the bacterial genome, biochemical system atics in plants, a discussion of species selection, and development and evolution of the vertebrate limb. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals, are the material for Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks burg, Virginia 24061; or Ghillian T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458."

Spis treści

1. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation.- The Kaneshiro Models.- Selection for Nonsexual Behavior Traits.- Evidence from the Hawaiian Drosophila.- Other Evidence.- The Watanabe—Kawanishi Models.- Other Models.- Evidence from Drosophila arizonensis—Drosophila mojavensis Case.- Evidence from Drosophila paulistorum.- Discussion.- References.- 2. Comments on “The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation”.- References.- 3. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation and the Formation of New Species.- Other Models of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation.- The Watanabe—Kawanishi Model.- The Wasserman—Koepfer Model.- Empirical Data in Support of the Kaneshiro Model.- Male Choice or Female Choice?.- Mating Propensity and Sex Drive.- The Direction of Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophila.- Mating Asymmetries and Speciation.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- DNA Hybridization and Avian Systematics: Introduction.- 4. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics.- From Organisms to Distances: The Data.- The Method of DNA Hybridization.- The Nature of the Data.- DNA Distances and Sources of Error.- From DNA Distances to Trees: The Analytical Methods.- What Kinds of Trees Are These?.- The Uniform Average Rate (UAR).- Relaxing the Assumption of a UAR.- Evaluating DNA Tree Topologies.- Discussion and Interpretation.- DNA Distances and Their Phylogenetic Structure.- The Temporal Pattern of Avian Evolution.- Conflicts among Data: The Search for Congruence.- “The Problem of Phylogeny Has Been Solved”: Conclusion.- References.- 5. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics: Reply to Cracraft.- References.- 6. DNA Evolutionary Implications of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants.- The Nature of Phenotypic Plasticity.- Analysis of Phenotypic Expression.- The Genotypic Basis of Plasticity.- The Expression of Plasticity.- Size and Allocation.- Leaf Morphology.- Physiological Plasticity.- Biosynthetic Responses.- Plastic Convergence.- Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Heterogeneity.- The Heterogeneity of the Plant Environment.- Theoretical Considerations Regarding Specialization and Plasticity.- Between-Population Response.- Evolutionary Response within Populations.- What Is Fitness in Plants?.- Conclusions.- References.- 7. Deuterostome Monophyly and Phylogeny.- Deuterostomes.- Echinoderms.- Hemichordates.- Urochordates.- Cephalochordates.- Craniates.- Cleavage and Cell Movement.- Organizers and Mesodermal Induction.- Somites.- Ectoderm and Neural Induction.- Neural Crest.- Head Segmentation.- Endoderm and Gut.- Appendages.- Character Analysis.- Analysis and Comments.- Resumé.- Abbreviations.- References.- 8. Arvicolid Data (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) and Evolutionary Concepts.- Arvicolids.- Paleospecies (Morphospecies) and Biospecies.- Morphological Data.- The Relativity of Morphospecies.- Analysis of Dental Characteristics.- Morphological Data and Arvicolid Phylogeny.- Origin of the Arvicolidae.- Arvicolid Paleontological History.- Chromosomal Data.- Biochemical Data.- Arvicolid Data and Speciation.- Speciation As a Spaciotemporal and Populational Phenomenon.- Speciation and Chromosomal Changes.- Speciation and Chromosomal, Biochemical, and Morphological Changes.- Arvicolid Data and Phyletic Gradualism.- Phyletic Gradualism in Water Rats.- Phyletic Gradualism in Lagurines.- Phyletic Gradualism in Muskrats.- Phyletic Gradualism in Ellobines.- Other Cases of Phyletic Gradualism.- Arvicolid Data and Stasis.- Morphological Stasis.- Ecophenotypic Iterative Changes.- How Often? Relative Importance of Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, and Stasis among Arvicolids.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, Rates, and Stasis in Eurasiatic Arvicolidae.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, Rates, and Stasis in North American Arvicolidae.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, General Rates, and Stasis in Arvicolidae.- Discussion: Arvicolid Data and Evolutionary Concepts.- Speciation.- Phyletic Gradualism.- Stasis.- Relationship between Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, and Stasis: A Reconsideration of the Biological Species Concept.- The Role of Environment in Speciation.- Speciation and Modes of Evolution.- Arvicolid Data and Punctuated Equilibria.- Conclusion.- Summary.- References.- 9. Evolutionary Rates under Environmental Stress.- Stress and Natural Selection.- Phenotypic Selection.- Heat Shock Proteins and Acclimatization.- Variation under Stress.- Phenotypic versus Genotypic.- Recombination.- Mutation.- Mobile Genetic Elements.- Evolutionary Rates.- The Underlying Genotype.- Morphological Change and Ecological Stress.- Conclusions.- Summary.- References.- 10. Cricket Life Cycles.- Life Cycle Types.- Homodynamic Life Cycles.- Heterodynamic Life Cycles.- Eastern and Western Tendencies.- Comparison of Taxonomic Groups.- Regulation of Life Cycles.- Egg Stage.- Water Uptake.- Temperature Requirements for Embryogenesis.- Intensity of Diapause at High Temperature.- Diapause Termination by Low Temperature.- Tolerance to Cold.- Incidence of Diapause.- Genetic Control of Egg Diapause.- Nymphal Stage.- Number of Molts.- Effect of Temperature on Nondiapause Growth.- Group Effect on Development.- Photoperiodic Effect on Nymph Overwinterers.- Photoperiodic Effect on Egg Overwinterers.- Adult Stage.- Functional Division of Adult Life.- Wing Dimorphism.- Fecundity.- Geographical Adaptations.- Homodynamic versus Heterodynamic Life Cycles.- Egg versus Nymph Overwintering.- Variation in Voltinism.- Linear Geographical Clines.- Saw-Toothed Patterns of Variation.- Polymorphism in Life Cycles.- Life Cycle and Speciation.- Seasonal Isolation.- Parallel Divergence of Life Cycles.- Climatic Speciation Model.- Evolutionary Potential in Life Cycle.- References.