Essentials of Ultrasonography: A Practical Guide

ISBN-13: 9783642795817 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 323 str.

Dirk Pickuth; V. R. McCready; G. Van Kaick

Opis

This textbook is designed for physicians, students, and radiographers who wish to learn ultrasonography concisely and comprehensively. All general aspects of diagnostic ultrasound are covered. The text encompasses principally those disorders that are encountered in the daily routine of scanning, but mention is also made of rarer condi tions which must be considered in differential diagnosis. The authors present the subject systematically and practically, and with the facility of quick reference in mind. For didactic purposes they use many flow-charts, tables and teaching points. The book will be invaluable for learning and for scanning, as well as for reporting. Dr. Dirk Pickuth, who has been Clinical Research Fellow in our Diagnostic Imaging Department, conceived the idea of this international publication. As the main author he was supported by his British, Italian, and Indian colleagues, and the four physicians col laborated in this Department most amicably, which has resulted in this highly com mendable book. I wish it every success. Prof. V. R. McCready Chief, Diagnostic Imaging Department The Royal Marsden Hospital London, United Kingdom Foreword II Ultrasound still continues to develop, with the clinical spectrum of its application becoming ever wider. Accordingly, the number of ultrasound textbooks has increased considerably in recent years. The question of which is the right ultrasound textbook for the beginner or for the more experienced sonographer is very difficult to answer, because many of these books are impractical by virtue of their complexity and size."

Spis treści

I.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Basics.- 1.2 Ultrasound Contrast Media.- 1.2.1 General.- 1.2.2 Principles and Characterization.- 1.2.3 Diagnostic Fields of Use.- 1.3 Standardized Examination.- 2 Artefacts.- 3 Reporting.- 3.1 Image Documentation.- 3.2 Text Documentation.- II.- 4 Liver.- 4.1 Imaging Modalities.- 4.2 Ultrasonography.- 4.2.1 Examination Technique.- 4.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 4.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 4.2.3 Sonopathology.- 4.2.3.1 Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.2 Focal Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.3 Focal Sparing in Fatty Infiltration.- 4.2.3.4 Cirrhosis.- 4.2.3.5 Ascites.- 4.2.3.6 Pleural Effusion.- 4.2.3.7 Abscess.- 4.2.3.8 Haematoma.- 4.2.3.9 Cysts.- 4.2.3.10 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia.- 4.2.3.11 Haemangioma.- 4.2.3.12 Metastases.- 4.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 5 Biliary System.- 5.1 Imaging Modalities.- 5.2 Ultrasonography.- 5.2.1 Examination Technique.- 5.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 5.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 5.2.3 Sonopathology.- 5.2.3.1 Sludge.- 5.3.2.2 Cholelithiasis.- 5.2.3.3 Pneumobilia.- 5.2.3.4 Gallbladder Hydrops.- 5.2.3.5 Choledocholithiasis.- 5.2.3.6 Biliary Dilatation.- 5.2.3.7 After Cholecystectomy Haematoma.- 5.2.3.8 Acute Cholecystitis.- 5.2.3.9 Gallbladder Empyema.- 5.2.3.10 Chronic Cholecystitis.- 5.2.3.11 Gallbladder Polyps.- 5.2.3.12 Gallbladder Carcinoma.- 5.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 6 Pancreas.- 6.1 Imaging Modalities.- 6.2 Ultrasonography.- 6.2.1 Examination Technique.- 6.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 6.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 6.2.3 Sonopathology.- 6.2.3.1 Acute Pancreatitis.- 6.2.3.2 Pancreatic Necrosis.- 6.2.3.3 Chronic Pancreatitis.- 6.2.3.4 Pancreatic Pseudocysts.- 6.2.3.5 Pancreatic Duct Dilatation.- 6.2.3.6 Pancreatic Carcinoma.- 6.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 7 Spleen.- 7.1 Imaging Modalities.- 7.2 Ultrasonography.- 7.2.1 Examination Technique.- 7.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 7.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 7.2.3 Sonopathology.- 7.2.3.1 Splenomegaly.- 7.2.3.2 Splenuncule.- 7.2.3.3 Abscess.- 7.2.3.4 Haematoma.- 7.2.3.5 Infarction.- 7.2.3.6 Cysts.- 7.2.3.7 Lymphoma.- 7.2.3.8 Metastases.- 7.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 8 Intestine.- 8.1 Imaging Modalities.- 8.2 Ultrasonography.- 8.2.1 Examination Technique.- 8.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 8.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 8.2.3 Sonopathology.- 8.2.3.1 Appendicitis.- 8.2.3.2 Ileus.- 8.2.3.3 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.- 8.2.3.4 Carcinoma of the Colon.- 8.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 9 Kidneys.- 9.1 Imaging Modalities.- 9.2 Ultrasonography.- 9.2.1 Examination Technique.- 9.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 9.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 9.2.3 Sonopathology.- 9.2.3.1 Malformations.- 9.2.3.2 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- 9.2.3.3 Atrophy.- 9.2.3.4 Papillary Necrosis.- 9.2.3.5 Nephrocalcinosis.- 9.2.3.6 Nephrolithiasis.- 9.2.3.7 Hydronephrosis.- 9.2.3.8 Cysts.- 9.2.3.9 Angiomyolipoma.- 9.2.3.10 Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ Tumour).- 9.2.3.11 Renal Cell Carcinoma (Grawitz’ Tumour).- 9.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 10 Adrenals.- 10.1 Imaging Modalities.- 10.2 Ultrasonography.- 10.2.1 Examination Technique.- 10.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 10.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 10.2.3 Sonopathology.- 10.2.3.1 Cysts.- 10.2.3.2 Hyperplasia.- 10.2.3.3 Phaeochromocytoma.- 10.2.3.4 Neuroblastoma.- 10.2.3.5 Metastases.- 10.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 11 Retroperitoneum.- 11.1 Imaging Modalities.- 11.2 Ultrasonography.- 11.2.1 Examination Technique.- 11.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 11.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 11.2.3 Sonopathology.- 11.2.3.1 Clips.- 11.2.3.2 Atherosclerosis of the Aorta.- 11.2.3.3 Atherosclerosis of the Aortic Branches.- 11.2.3.4 Aortic Aneurysm.- 11.2.3.5 Lymphadenopathy.- 11.2.3.6 Retroperitoneal Tumour.- 11.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 12 Bladder.- 12.1 Imaging Modalities.- 12.2 Ultrasonography.- 12.2.1 Examination Technique.- 12.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 12.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 12.2.3 Sonopathology.- 12.2.3.1 Megaureter.- 12.2.3.2 Ureterolithiasis.- 12.2.3.3 Cystitis.- 12.2.3.4 Diverticula.- 12.2.3.5 Carcinoma.- 12.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 13 Prostate.- 13.1 Imaging Modalities.- 13.2 Ultrasonography.- 13.2.1 Examination Technique.- 13.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 13.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 13.2.3 Sonopathology.- 13.2.3.1 Hyperplasia.- 13.2.3.2 Carcinoma.- 13.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 14 Scrotum.- 14.1 Imaging Modalities.- 14.2 Ultrasonography.- 14.2.1 Examination Technique.- 14.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 14.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 14.2.3 Sonopathology.- 14.2.3.1 Hydrocele.- 14.2.3.2 Varicocele.- 14.2.3.3 Epididymitis.- 14.2.3.4 Haematoma.- 14.2.3.5 Seminoma.- 14.2.3.6 Teratoma.- 14.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 15 Uterus.- 15.1 Imaging Modalities.- 15.2 Ultrasonography.- 15.2.1 Examination Technique.- 15.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 15.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 15.2.3 Sonopathology.- 15.2.3.1 Fibroids.- 15.2.3.2 Carcinoma.- 15.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 16 Ovaries.- 16.1 Imaging Modalities.- 16.2 Ultrasonography.- 16.2.1 Examination Technique.- 16.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 16.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 16.2.3 Sonopathology.- 16.2.3.1 Cysts.- 16.2.3.2 Endometriosis.- 16.2.3.3 Dermoid.- 16.2.3.4 Carcinoma.- 16.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 17 Breast.- 17.1 Imaging Modalities.- 17.2 Ultrasonography.- 17.2.1 Examination Technique.- 17.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 17.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 17.2.3 Sonopathology.- 17.2.3.1 Cysts.- 17.2.3.2 Fibroadenoma.- 17.2.3.3 Carcinoma.- 17.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 18 Thyroid.- 18.1 Imaging Modalities.- 18.2 Ultrasonography.- 18.2.1 Examination Technique.- 18.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 18.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 18.2.3 Sonopathology.- 18.2.3.1 Thyroiditis.- 18.2.3.2 Cysts.- 18.2.3.3 Goitre.- 18.2.3.4 Adenoma.- 18.2.3.5 Carcinoma.- 18.2.3.6 Lymphadenopathy.- 18.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 19 Parathyroid.- 19.1 Imaging Modalities.- 19.2 Ultrasonography.- 19.2.1 Examination Technique.- 19.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 19.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 19.2.3 Sonopathology.- 19.2.3.1 Adenoma.- 19.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 20 Vessels.- 20.1 Imaging Modalities.- 20.2 Ultrasonography.- 20.2.1 Examination Technique.- 20.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 20.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 20.2.3 Sonopathology.- 20.2.3.1 Jugular Vein Thrombosis.- 20.2.3.2 Portal Vein Thrombosis.- 20.2.3.3 Femoral Vein Thrombosis.- 20.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 21 Musculoskeletal System.- 21.1 Imaging Modalities.- 21.2 Ultrasonography.- 21.2.1 Examination Technique.- 21.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 21.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 21.2.3 Sonopathology.- 21.2.3.1 Muscle Trauma.- 21.2.3.2 Tendons Injury.- 21.2.3.3 Ligament Injury.- 21.2.3.4 Baker’s Cyst.- 21.2.3.5 Rotator Cuff Injury.- 21.2.3.6 Tumours.- 21.2.3.7 Hip Dislocation.- 21.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 22 Skin.- 22.1 Imaging Modalities.- 22.2 Ultrasonography.- 22.2.1 Examination Technique.- 22.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 22.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 22.2.3 Sonopathology.- 22.2.3.1 Cyst.- 22.2.3.2 Lipoma.- 22.2.3.3 Haemangioma.- 22.2.3.4 Basal Cell Epithelioma.- 22.2.3.5 Foreign Body.- 22.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 23 Neonatal Brain.- 23.1 Imaging Modalities.- 23.2 Ultrasonography.- 23.2.1 Examination Technique.- 23.2.2 Sonoanatomy.- 23.2.2.1 Normal Dimensions.- 23.2.3 Sonopathology.- 23.2.3.1 Haemorrhage.- 23.2.3.2 Congenital Anomalies.- 23.2.3.3 Infection.- 23.2.3.4 Tumours.- 23.2.4 Checklist for Reporting.- 24 Doppler Applications.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 What Is Doppler?.- 24.3 Duplex Doppler.- 24.4 Colour Doppler.- 24.5 Clinical Applications.- 24.5.1 General Applications.- 24.5.2 Specific Applications.- 24.5.2.1 Vessels.- 24.5.2.2 Liver.- 24.5.2.3 Kidney.- 24.5.2.4 Oncology.- 24.5.2.5 Neurology.