Epoxy-based Spacers for Gas Insulated Power Apparatus

ISBN-13: 9789811971136 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023

Boxue Du;Hucheng Liang

Opis

This book offers an insight into the insulation failures in GIS/GIL and provides practical guidance for improving the insulation reliability of epoxy-based spacers. High voltage gas-insulated apparatuses, including gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) and transmission lines (GIL), playing an important role in the global power transmission system. Epoxy-based spacers are key components in GIS/GIL, playing the role of electrical insulation and mechanical support. However, insulation failures frequently occur around the epoxy-based spacers, threatening the safe operation of the electric power system. Three topics make up this book, with seven to nine chapters in each topic. In the first topic, the surface charging and discharging behaviors of epoxy-based spacers are discussed to deepen the readers’ understanding on the insulation problems in GIS/GIL. And the insulation breakdown of epoxy-based spacers is found to be closely related to the electric field distortion under complex operating conditions. In the second topic, original researches on the surface functionally graded materials (SFGM) are presented for relaxing the electric field distortion around the epoxy-based spacers in both AC and DC GIS/GIL, and a series of optimization methods and fabrication techniques for the SFGM spacers are introduced and discussed. In the last topic, the nonlinear conductivity materials (NCM), also known as self-adaptive materials or intelligent materials, are applied as coatings to adaptively regulate the electric field distributions along the surfaces of the epoxy-based spacers. Besides, the concept of the multi-dimensional functionally graded materials (MFGM) is proposed to uniform the electric field distributions in DC GIS/GIL under stationary and transient voltages, exhibiting great potential in the future application. 

Spis treści

1 Electric Field Distribution around Basin-type Spacer in DC-GIS 

1.1 Introduction 

1.2 Mathematical Model 

1.3 Results and Discussion 

1.4 Conclusion 

2 Gas Convection Affecting Surface Charge and Electric Field Distribution around Tri-post Insulators 

in DC-GIL 

2.1 Introduction 

2.2 Simulation and Parameters 

2.3 Results and Discussion 

2.4 Conclusion 

3 Polarity Reversal and Over Voltage Affecting Discharge Inception of Tri-post Insulator in DC-GIL 

3.1 Introduction 

3.2 Simulation and Parameters 

3.3 Results and Discussion 

3.4 Conclusion 

4 Simulation on Surface Charge Accumulation of Epoxy Resin under Needle-Plane Corona Discharge 

in Air 

4.1 Introduction 

4.2 Simulation Model 

4.3 Results and Discussion 

4.4 Conclusion 

5 Surface Charge Dynamic Behaviors of Epoxy Resin under Combined Effects of DC and Pulse 

Voltages 

5.1 Introduction 

5.2 Experimental Arrangement 

5.3 Results and Discussion 

5.4 Conclusion 

6 Surface Charge Accumulation and Decay Behaviors of Epoxy Resin under Combined Effects of AC 

and Pulse Voltages 

6.1 Introduction 

6.2 Experimental Arrangement 

6.3 Results and Discussion 

6.4 Conclusion 

7 Effects of Surface Charge on DC Flashover Characteristics of Epoxy/BN Nanocomposites 

7.1 Introduction 

7.2 Experimental Arrangement 

7.3 Results and Discussion 

7.4 Conclusion 

8 Temperature Dependent Surface Charge and Discharge Behaviors of Epoxy/AIN Nanocomposites 

8.1 Introduction 

8.2 Experimental Arrangement 

8.3 Results and Discussion 

8.4 Conclusion 

9 Surface Charging and Discharging Behaviors of Epoxy-Based Spacer in DC-GIL 

9.1 Introduction 

9.2 Experimental Arrangement 

9.3 Surface Charge and Flashover Characteristics under DC stress 

9.4 Conclusion 

Surface Functionally Graded Materials for GIL/GIS 

10 Surface Functionally Graded Insulator for Electric Field Grading in AC Gas Insulated Power 

Apparatus 

10.1 Introduction 

10.2 Concept of SFGM 

10.3 Fabrication of SFGM Insulator 

10.4 Electric Field Simulation 

10.5 Flashover Test Results 

10.6 Conclusions 

11 Epoxy-based Insulator with Permittivity-graded Surface Layer by Magnetron Sputtering for Gas-

insulated Lines 

11.1 Introduction 

11.2 BaTiO3 Layer Deposition 

11.3 Simulation and Optimization 

11.4 SFGM Insulator Fabrication 

11.5 Results and Discussion 

11.6 Conclusions 

12 Electric Field Relaxation by Surface Functionally Graded Spacer for Compact HVDC Gas Insulated 

Apparatus 

12.1 Introduction 

12.2 σ-SFGM for Electrical Field Relaxation 

12.3 Fabrication of σ-SFGM Spacer 

12.4 Flashover Voltage of σ-SFGM Spacer 

12.5 Conclusions 

13 Novel Insulator with Surface σ-FGM for DC compact Gas Insulated Pipeline 

13.1 Introduction 

13.2 Novel Insulator with Interfacial σ-FGM 

13.3 Novel insulator with Interfacial σ-FGM 

13.4 Electric Field Simulation 

13.5 Improved Flashover Voltage 

13.6 Conclusions 

14 Epoxy-based Insulator with Surface Conductivity Gradient Material for HVDC Gas Insulated 

Pipeline by Sputtering 

14.1 Introduction 

14.2 SFGM Fabrication by Fluorination 

14.3 Optimization of Insulator with SFGM 

14.4 Electric Field Calculation 

14.5 Flashover Test 

14.6 Conclusions 

15 Electric Field Optimization of Epoxy-based Spacer with Surface Conductivity Gradient Material (σ-

SFGM) by Electrospinning 

15.1 Introduction 

15.2 Simulation Study 

15.3 Experimental Study 

15.4 Conclusions 

16 Parameter Design of Multi-dimensional Functionally Graded Materials (ε/σ-MFGM) for Epoxy-

based Spacers in HVDC GIL/GIS 

16.1 Introduction 

16.2 Surface Functionally Graded Material 

16.3 Multi-dimensional Functionally Graded Material 

16.4 Conclusions 

Electric Field Adaptive Materials for GIL/GIS 

17 Nonlinear Conductive Characteristics and Mechanisms of Epoxy/SiC Composites 

17.1 Introduction 

17.2 Experimental Arrangement 

17.3 Preparation and Characterization of Epoxy/SiC Composites 

17.4 Conductive and Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy/SiC Composites 

17.5 Simulation and Analysis of Nonlinear Conductive Characteristics 

17.6 Conclusions 

18 Electrical Field Simulation of Epoxy Spacer with Nonlinear Conductivity for DC GIL 

18.1 Introduction 

18.2 Geometric Model and Governing Equations 

18.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 

18.4 Conclusions 

19 Field-adaptive Materials for Epoxy-based Insulator in HVDC GIL 

19.1 Introduction 

19.2 Simulation of IER Insulator Application 

19.3 Experimental Setup and Procedure 

19.4 Electrical Simulation Results 

19.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 

19.6 Conclusions 

20 Fabrication and Evaluation of Field-adaptive Insulator for DC-GIL Application 

20.1 Introduction 

20.2 Insulator Preparation and Basic Tests 

20.3 Simulation and Experimental Setup 

20.4 Results and Discussion 

20.5 Conclusions 

21 Epoxy-based Spacer with Functionally Graded Zno Film for HVDC Gas Insulated Line 

21.1 Introduction 

21.2 ZnO Film Deposition and Test 

21.3 Spacer Optimization and Fabrication 

21.4 Electrical Insulation Performance 

21.5 Conclusions 

22 Regulating Electric Field around Post-type Insulator in DC-GIL for ITER Neutral Beam Injector 

22.1 Introduction 

22.2 Simulation model 

22.3 Results and Discussion 

22.4 Conclusions 

23 Electric Field Optimization and Parameter Design of Surface Nonlinear Conductivity Spacer for 

±500 kV DC-GIL 

23.1 Introduction 

23.2 Simulation Model 

23.3 Surface Charge and Electric Field distributions under Different Conditions 

23.4 Parameter Optimization of SNC Spacer 

23.5 Conclusion 

24 Surface Charge and Electric Field Regulation of Surface Nonlinear Conductivity Spacers 

24.1 Introduction 

24.2 Design and Fabrication of SNC Spacers 

24.3 Electric Field Measurement on Electrode Surfaces 

24.4 Surface Charging and Discharging Characteristics of SNC Spacers 

24.5 Regulating Effects of SNC Spacers under Different Testing Conditions 

24.6 Conclusion 

25 Electric Field Control by Multi-dimensional Functional Materials for DC-GIS Spacer 

25.1 Introduction 

25.2 Design Concept and Simulation 

25.3 Results and Discussion 

25.4 Conclusion 

O autorze

Boxue Du received the M.E. degree in electrical engineering from Ibaraki University and the Ph.D. degree from Tokyo University of A&T. During 1996 to 2002, he was with The Niigata Institute of Science and Technology, Japan and was an Associate Professor. From 2000 to 2002, he was a Visiting Scientist at Niigata University, Japan. Since 2002 he has been a Professor and Director-founder of the Institute of High Voltage at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, China. His research interests are focused on dielectric failure mechanisms of polymer insulating materials, polymer dielectrics for energy storage, electrical insulation technology and application of polymer dielectrics under various extreme environments such as cryogenic, high temperature, high altitude, gamma-ray irradiation and high-intensity magnetic field. He has published 5 books and 25 book chapters in Polymer Dielectrics, and authored about 700 papers and over 210 of them published in IEEE Transactions. He has also served industry and start-ups as a consultant. He is an Editorial Boards Member of High Voltage, Journal of Electronics and Advanced Electrical Engineering, Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clear Energy, Chinese Journal of High Voltage Engineering, Insulation Materials and Electrical Engineering. He is a Fellow of IET, member at several WG in CIGRE and several Standards Committees in IEEE. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, a Subject Editor of IET Nanodielectrics, and was an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation and IEEE Access.