Environmental and Space Electromagnetics

ISBN-13: 9784431681649 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 615 str.

Hiroshi Kikuchi

Opis

This book is based on the updated versions of a lively mixture of tutorials, topical papers, and scientific and technological contributions collected from the International URSI Symposium on Environmental and Space Electromagnetics held in Tokyo on 4-6 September, 1989. It was sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) as an activity of Commission E (Chairman: present editor) preceding the URSI General Assembly in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1990. The aim was an exchange of information and views to highlight the state of the art in radio science and interdisciplinary areas. Along this line, the editor has attempted to cover quite new, novel or unconventional subjects besides more traditional or conventional ones. Although a great many subjects have apparently been covered, this book has been edited so the reader can find some common concepts or views presented. On this basis, a group of many subjects can be treated in a unified fashion, and new ideas and views can be gained as a most valuable addition to current knowledge. This is one of the major features of this volume that cannot be found in any of the monographs or proceedings that cover a narrow range oflimited topics. Its broad scope does not stand for presentation in a superficial and shallow manner, but stands for a strong focus on the search for a common nature in basic concepts or views in apparently diverse subjects, and a focus on the advanced or innovatory nature of each contribution.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Spacecraft EM Environment.- 2.1 The Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether Mission.- 2.2 High Frequency Wave Generation by Electron Beam Injection in Space.- 2.3 Space Tether Experiment.- 2.4 High Voltage Technology in Space.- 3 Natural and Triggered Lightning.- 3.1 Lightning Observations in Finland and Theoretical Calculation of the Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse.- 3.2 A Possible Mechanism for Generation of Linear Lightning Flashes.- 3.3 The Characteristics of Winter Lightning Strokes Observed with Video Camera Systems.- 3.4 Anomalous Features of Electromagnetic Pulses Caused by Lightning Return Strokes During Winter Thunderstorms in Japan.- 3.5 VHF/UHF Radiation from Positive and Negative Lightning.- 3.6 Artificially Triggered Lightning Experiments for Winter Thunderclouds.- 3.7 Boundary Layer Model and Calculation for Horizontal Thundercloud Electrification Preceding Natural and Rocket-Triggered Lightning.- 4 Atmospherics, Whistlers, and Emissions.- 4.1 Sferics.- 4.2 Polar VLF Emissions Observed by ISIS Satellites.- 4.3 Direction Finding of Magnetospheric VLF/ELF Emissions and Their Generation Mechanism.- 4.4 Direction Finding of Very-Low-Latitude Whistlers and Their Propagation.- 4.5 Frequency Dependence of Ionospheric Exit Points and Polarization of Daytime Whistlers at Low-Latitude.- 4.6 Waveform Analysis of Whistlers.- 5 Natural VLF/ELF Radio Noise.- 5.1 Global Measurements of Low-Frequency Radio Noise.- 5.2 Measurements of ELF/VLF Radio Noise in Japan.- 5.3 Characteristics of LF Whistler-Mode Waves Observed in Conjugate Area at Low Latitudes.- 5.4 Ray Focussing of Whistler-Mode Waves in a Magnetoplasma.- 5.5 Dispersion Characteristics and Waveform Analysis of Tweek Atmospherics.- 6 Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Noise Environment.- 6.1 Natural Noise Above 50 MHz from Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Sources.- 6.2 Amplification and Propagation of Geomagnetic Pulsations Pc 1 in the Plasmapause Region.- 6.3 On the Experimental Results of Hiss-Triggered Chorus Observed Onboard GEOS-1 Satellite in the Outer Magnetosphere.- 6.4 Geomagnetic Induction in the Finnish 400 KV Power System.- 6.5 Electromagnetic Field Caused by an Auroral Electro jet Current System Model.- 6.6 On the Estimation of the Ionospheric Exit Regions of Magnetospheric VLF Radio Waves by the Use of Wave Energy Distribution in Wave Number Space.- 6.7 Radio Sky Mapping from Satellites at Very Low Frequencies.- 7 Planetary Lightning and Cosmic Plasma Noise.- 7.1 Voyager-Neptune Encounter.- 7.2 Venus Plasma Noise: An Important Interdisciplinary Issue?.- 7.3 Selfgravitational Space Plasma.- 7.4 Microwave Observations of the Sun During the 22nd Solar Activity Cycle—17 GHz Radio Heliograph.- 7.5 X-Ray Astronomy Satellite Ginga and Observations.- 8 Man-Made Noise Environment and EMC.- 8.1 Man-Made Noise Sources and Environments Interference.- 8.2 Electromagnetic Ecology and Waves in Nonlinear Electromagnetics.- 8.3 Determination of the Mutual Inductance Between Parallel Lines by Making Use of Struve’s Function.- 9 Noise and Communication Statistics.- 9.1 From Radio Interference to Electromagnetic Compatibility—Classification of the Electromagnetic Environment.- 9.2 Generation Mechanism of R.F. Noises on Power Lines.- 9.3 A Rejection Method for Interference Waves Caused by Sporadic-E Ionospheric Propagation.- 9.4 The Multimode Measurements of EMC-Parameters and Statistical Theory of Multimode Systems.- 10 Space Communication and Measurement.- 10.1 Satellite Communications of the Future and Their EMC Problems.- 10.2 Efficient Use of the Geostationary Satellite Orbit: Allotment Planning and Its Practical Use.- 10.3 Development of AROW System for Measurement of Atmospheric Parameters Using Audio, Radio, and Optical Waves.- 11 High Power Electromagnetics.- 11.1 A Magnetic Field Shielding Practice Against the Heavy Lightning Electromagnetics.- 11.2 Simulation of Electromagnetic Aspects of Lightning.- 11.3 Some Features of Waveguide/Horn Design.- 11.4 Energy Norms and 2-Norms.- 12 Seismoelectric Emissions.- 12.1 On Seismoelectromagnetic Phenomena.- 12.2 Radio Emissions from Rock, Iron, and Wood and an Example of Radio Noises Associated with Earthquake.- 12.3 Radio Emission from Earthquakes.- 13 Ball Lightning.- 13.1 State Equation and Phase Diagram for Fractal Growth in Ball Lightning.- 13.2 Correlative Relationship Between the Intensity of Radiation for Ball Lightning and Its Typical Linear Dimension.- 13.3 Experimental Research on Ball Lightning.- 14 Meteorologico-Electric Phenomena and EHD.- 14.1 Meteorologico-Electric Phenomena and Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) or Electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD).- 14.2 Discovery of a New Electromagnetic Phenomenon in the Atmosphere: An Electrified Vortex and Its Physical Properties as Revealed by Patterned Ground Traces and Radio-Frequency, Electromagnetic, Acoustic, and Luminous Effects.- 14.3 Electromagnetohydrodynamic Vortices and Corn Circles.- 15 Assembled Abstracts.- 15.1 Research at the European Space Agency on Spacecraft/Plasma Interaction and Their Electromagnetic Effects.- 15.2 The Formation of Lightning Upward Discharges.- 15.3 The Ability of Using Lightning Flash Detector Data for Geophysical Research—A Study Initiated by the ESA Meteosat Program for the Second Generation Meteorological Satellites Instrumentation.- 15.4 Detection and Location of Intracloud Lightning Discharges.- 15.5 On Triggered Lightnings from Multiple Points.- 15.6 Small-Scale Variations of ELF and VLF Magnetic and Electric Field Components in Subauroral Zone.- 15.7 Electromagnetic Wave Environment in the Magnetosphere Observed by Akebono Satellite—Preliminary Results.- 15.8 Schumann Resonances in Middle Latitudes of Asia.- 15.9 Type II Interplanetary Radio Bursts.- 15.10 New Results for Lightning Activity on Venus and Jupiter, and Predictions of Lightning Activity on Neptune.- 15.11 High Power Electromagnetics—A. EMP Hardening.- 15.12 High Power Electromagnetics—B. Lightning Electromagnetics.- 15.13 Results of the Scope-Enuwar Project, Which Involved URSI.- 15.14 Magnetic Coupling of Precursors at Volcano Eruption.- 15.15 Ball Lightning Properties.