Environmental Challenges

ISBN-13: 9781792482922 / Angielski / Twarda / 1753

Jian Peng

Spis treści

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• CHAPTER 1 How to Build a Sustainable Planet
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 1.1 Environmental Issues and the History of the Earth
• 1.2 The Origin of the Physical Universe
• 1.2.1 The Big Bang
• 1.2.2 Synthesis of Materials in Stars
• 1.2.3 Formation of Planets
• 1.2.4 The Genesis and Evolution of the Earth
• 1.3 The Origin and Evolution of Life
• 1.3.1 The Timeline
• 1.3.2 The Building Materials for Life
• 1.3.3 The Cell
• 1.3.4 The Origin of Life on Earth
• 1.3.5 DNA and the Tree of Life
• 1.4 The Origin and Dominance of Humankind
• 1.4.1 The Origin of Humankind
• 1.4.2 Human Evolution and Dominance
• 1.4.3 Life Beyond Earth
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 2 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 2.1 The Concept of Global Biogeochemical Cycle
• 2.2 Plate Tectonics and Rock Cycles
• 2.2.1 Plate Tectonics
• 2.2.2 The Rock Cycle
• 2.3 The Water Cycle
• 2.3.1 The Erosional Power of Water
• 2.3.2 The Water Cycle
• 2.4 Biogeochemical Cycles of Elements
• 2.4.1 The Carbon Cycle
• 2.4.2 The Nitrogen Cycle
• 2.4.3 Biogeochemical Cycles of Other Elements
• 2.5 Biogeochemical Cycles and Environmental Challenges
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 3 Environmental Regulations
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 3.1 Need for Environmental Regulations
• 3.1.1 Tragedy of the Commons
• 3.1.2 The History of Environmental Regulations
• 3.1.3 Implementation of Environmental Regulations in the United States in Europe
• 3.2 Environmental Policy-Making Process
• 3.2.1 Overview
• 3.2.2 Policy Making Process
• 3.2.3 The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
• 3.2.4 The Policy Cycle
• 3.3 Environmental Politics and Policy
• 3.3.1 Environmental Politics
• 3.3.2 Interest Groups in Environmental Politics and Policy
• 3.3.3 Environmental Groups and Their Roles in Environmental Politics and Policy
• 3.3.4 Litigation, Regulation, Legislation, and Negotiation in Environmental Politics
• 3.4 Environmental Regulations
• 3.4.1 Environmental Regulation in the United States
• 3.4.2 Environmental Regulation in the European Union
• 3.4.3 Environmental Regulation in China and other Developing Countries
• 3.5 Environmental Justice
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 4 Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 4.1 The Earth's Atmosphere
• 4.1.1 Overview and History
• 4.1.2 Structure of the Earth's Atmosphere
• 4.2 Air Pollution
• 4.2.1 Overview
• 4.2.2 Sources of Air Pollution
• 4.2.3 Main Air Pollutants
• 4.3 Air Quality Issues and Regulations
• 4.3.1 Air Pollution Regulations in the United States
• 4.3.2 Air Pollution Regulations in China
• 4.3.3 Air Quality Issues and Regulations in Europe and Beyond
• 4.4 Engineering Measures for Air Pollution Control
• 4.4.1 Overview
• 4.4.2 Vehicle Emission Control
• 4.4.3 Control of Other Air Pollutants
• 4.5 Greenhouse Effect and Management
• 4.5.1 Greenhouse Effect
• 4.5.2 Other Greenhouse Gases
• 4.5.3 Geoengineering Options for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
• 4.6 Other Air Quality Issues
• 4.6.1 Indoor Air Pollution
• 4.6.2 Ozone Depletion
• 4.6.3 Global Deoxygenation
• 4.6.4 Long-Range and Global Transport of Air Pollutants
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 5 Water Pollution
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 5.1 Water Quality Regulations
• 5.1.1 The Clean Water Act
• 5.1.2 The Water Framework Directive in the European Union
• 5.1.3 Water Quality Regulations in China and India
• 5.2 Common Causes of Water Pollution
• 5.2.1 Eutrophication
• 5.2.2 Pathogen Contamination
• 5.2.3 Toxic Contaminants
• 5.2.4 Trash
• 5.2.5 Sediment
• 5.3 Stormwater Issues
• 5.3.1 Overview
• 5.3.2 Urbanization and Stormwater Flow and Quality
• 5.3.3 Stormwater Management and Low Impact Development
• 5.4 Water Treatment and Reuse
• 5.4.1 Background and History of Water Treatment
• 5.4.2 Overview of Water Treatment Process
• 5.4.3 Water Recycling and Biosolid Management
• 5.5 Emerging Water Quality Issues
• 5.5.1 Overview
• 5.5.2 Microplastics
• 5.5.3 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
• 5.5.4 Other Contaminants of Emerging Concern
• 5.5.5 Long-Range Transport of Pollutants
• 5.6 Water Quality Monitoring
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 6 Water Resources
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Water Quality and Water Resources
• 6.2.1 Nexus Between Water Quality and Water Resources
• 6.2.2 Novel Potable Water Production Technologies
• 6.3 Water Shortage and Drought
• 6.3.1 Global Water Shortages
• 6.3.2 Water Security and Resilience
• 6.3.3 Water Resource and Sustainability
• 6.4 Water Supply Infrastructure and Its Environmental Impacts
• 6.4.1 History of Water Supply Infrastructure
• 6.4.2 Dams around the World
• 6.4.3 Ecological and other Impacts of Dams
• 6.5 Water Reuse and Recycling
• 6.5.1 Overview of Water Reuse
• 6.5.2 Types of Potable Water Reuse: Direct and Indirect
• 6.6 Desalination
• 6.6.1 Overview of Desalination
• 6.6.2 Desalination Process and Potential Impacts
• 6.7 Water Balance and Integrated Water Management
• 6.7.1 Overview of Water Balance
• 6.7.2 Case Study: Water Balance for North Orange County, California, USA
• 6.8 Water Footprint
• 6.8.1 The Concept of Water Footprint
• 6.8.2 Water Footprint of Common Items
• 6.8.3 Water Footprint and Sustainability
• Further Reading
• Web Resources 1
• Questions and Exercises 1
• CHAPTER 7 Groundwater and Soil Contamination
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 7.1 Groundwater Hydrology
• 7.1.1 Groundwater and Aquifer
• 7.1.2 Groundwater Resources
• 7.2 Groundwater and Soil Contamination
• 7.2.1 Groundwater and Drinking Water
• 7.2.2 Soil and Groundwater Contaminants
• 7.2.3 Human Health Risk Assessment
• 7.3 Groundwater and Soil Remediation
• 7.3.1 Underground Storage Tanks
• 7.3.2 Soil Investigation
• 7.3.3 Groundwater Investigation and Conceptual Site Model
• 7.3.4 Soil and Groundwater Remediation
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 8 Ecology and Biodiversity
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 8.1 Principles of Ecology
• 8.1.1 Concepts and Principles
• 8.1.2 Population Ecology
• 8.1.3 Ecosystem Health
• 8.2 Biodiversity
• 8.2.1 The Significance of Biodiversity
• 8.2.2 The Sixth Mass Extinction
• 8.3 Humans and the Ecosystem
• 8.3.1 Humans as Part of the Global Ecosystem
• 8.3.2 Ecosystem Services
• 8.3.3 Human Impact on Ecosystems
• 8.3.4 The Ecological Impact of Pollution
• 8.3.5 The Ecological Impacts of Habitat Loss
• 8.3.6 Ecological Impact of Hunting and Fishing
• 8.4 Genetically Modified Organisms
• 8.4.1 The Definition of GMOs
• 8.4.2 Benefits and Risks
• 8.5 Other Ecological Challenges
• 8.5.1 Endangered Species
• 8.5.2 Invasive Species
• 8.5.3 Deep Ecology: A Scientific Perspective
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 9 Solid Waste
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 9.1 Solid Waste Classification and Generation Rate
• 9.1.1 Overview
• 9.1.2 Solid Waste Generation in the United States
• 9.1.3 Solid Waste Generation around the World
• 9.2 Landfill
• 9.2.1 Overview and Waste Collection
• 9.2.2 Landfill Operation
• 9.2.3 Landfill Stormwater Management
• 9.2.4 Landfill Trash Management
• 9.2.5 Landfill Leachate Management
• 9.3 Solid Waste Recycling and Energy Recovery
• 9.3.1 Solid Waste Recycling
• 9.3.2 Waste to Energy
• 9.4 Hazardous Waste
• 9.4.1 Definition
• 9.4.2 Hazardous Waste Management
• 9.5 Plastics and Trash Pollution
• 9.5.1 Overview
• 9.5.2 Basel Convention
• 9.5.3 OECD Convention
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 10 Energy and Sustainability
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 10.1 Global Energy Consumption and Trends
• 10.1.1 Energy Sources
• 10.1.2 Trends in Global Energy Consumption
• 10.2 Conventional Energy
• 10.2.1 Overview of Conventional Energy
• 10.2.2 Crude Oil
• 10.2.3 Coal
• 10.2.4 Natural Gas
• 10.3 Renewable Energy
• 10.3.1 Overview of Renewable Energy
• 10.3.2 Solar Energy
• 10.3.3 Wind Energy
• 10.3.4 Other Renewable Energy Sources
• 10.4 Nuclear Power
• 10.4.1 Overview
• 10.4.2 Advantages of Nuclear Power
• 10.4.3 Challenges of Nuclear Power
• 10.5 Energy and Sustainability
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 11 Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Ocean Acidification
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 11.1 Climate Change
• 11.1.1 Greta
• 11.1.2 Global Climate System
• 11.1.3 Earth's Energy Budget
• 11.1.4 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
• 11.1.5 Climate Variability and ENSO
• 11.2 Sea Level Rise
• 11.2.1 The Concept
• 11.2.2 Causes of Sea Level Rise
• 11.2.3 Sea Level Rise in Different Scenarios
• 11.3 Ocean Acidification
• 11.3.1 What is Ocean Acidification?
• 11.3.2 The Mechanism of Ocean Acidification
• 11.3.3 The Impact of Ocean Acidification
• 11.4 Mitigation Measures
• 11.4.1 The Global Climate Feedback Loop
• 11.4.2 The Carbon Problem
• 11.4.3 Potential Mitigation Measures
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• CHAPTER 12 Environment, Human Development, and Sustainability
• Learning Outcomes
• Key Concepts
• 12.1 The Definition and Concept of Sustainability
• 12.2 Environmental Issues through Economic Lenses
• 12.2.1 The Environmental Industry
• 12.2.2 Environmental Economics
• 12.2.3 Environmental Regulation and Economics
• 12.3 Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Costs
• 12.3.1 Life Cycle Cost
• 12.3.2 Ecological Footprint
• 12.3.3 Carbon Footprint
• 12.3.4 Life Cycle Environmental Cost
• 12.4 Sustainability Issues
• 12.4.1 Environmental Mitigation
• 12.4.2 Nature's Intrinsic Value
• 12.4.3 Deep Ecology and Sustainability
• 12.4.4 Resource Depletion
• 12.5 Global Sustainable Development
• 12.5.1 Global Sustainable Development Goals
• 12.5.2 The Earthrise
• Further Reading
• Web Resources
• Questions and Exercises
• Bibliography
• Knowledge Box Entries
• List of Acronyms