Engineering Practice with Oilfield and Drilling Applications

ISBN-13: 9781119799498 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 624 str.

Donald W. Dareing

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Preface xxiNomenclature xxiiiPart I Engineering Design and Problem Solving 11 Design and Problem Solving Guidelines 3Design Methodology 3Market Analysis 5Operational Requirements 5Product Development 6Government Procurement Procedure 6Petroleum Industry Procedure 6Design Specifications 7Specification Topics 7Performance Requirements 7Sustainability 7Codes and Standards 8Environmental 8Social Considerations 9Reliability 9Cost Considerations 10Aesthetics 10Product Life Cycle 10Product Safety and Liability 11Engineering Ethics 11Creating Design Alternatives 12Tools of Innovation 12Patents 13Reference Books and Trade Journals 13Experts in a Related Field 13Brainstorming 13Existing Products and Concepts 13Concurrent Engineering 14Feasibility of Concept 14Evaluating Design Alternatives 14Evaluation Metrics 15Scoring Alternative Concepts 15Starting the Design 16Design for Simplicity 16Identify Subsystems 17Development of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 17Design of Offshore Drilling and Production Systems 18Connection of Subsystems 19Torsion Loading on Multibolt Patterns 19Make-Up Force on Bolts 21Preload in Drill Pipe Tool Joints 24Shoulder Separation 26Possible Yielding in the Pin 26Make-Up Torque 28Bolted Brackets 29Welded Connections 30Torsion Loading in Welded Connections 30Attachments of Offshore Cranes 32Quality Assurance 33Engineering Education 34Mission Statement 34Academic Design Specifications 34Design of the Academic Program 35Outcomes Assessment 35Saturn - Apollo Project 35Notes 36References 362 Configuring the Design 37Force and Stress Analysis 37Beam Analysis 39Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams 40Bending Stresses 45Beam Deflection and Boundary Conditions 47Shear Stress in Beams 48Neutral Axis 50Composite Cross Sections 52Material Selection 54Mechanical Properties of Steel 54Use of Stress-Strain Relationship in a Simple Truss 57Statically Indeterminate Member 59Modes of Failure 62Material Yielding 62Stress Concentration 62Wear 63Fatigue 63Stress Corrosion Cracking 69Brittle Fracture 69Fluid Flow Through Pipe 70Continuity of Fluid Flow 70Bernoulli's Energy Equation (First Law) 71Reynolds Number 71Friction Head for Laminar Flow 72Turbulent Flow Through Pipe 72Senior Capstone Design Project 74Pump Selection 74Required Nozzle Velocity 74Nozzle Pressure 74Pump Flow Rate Requirement 75Vibration Considerations 77Natural Frequency of SDOF Systems 80Location of Center of Gravity 84Moment of Inertia with Respect to Point A 84Springs in Series, Parallel 85Deflection of Coiled Springs 86Free Vibration with Damping 86Quantifying Damping 87Critical Damping in Vibrating Bar System 88Forced Vibration of SDOF Systems with Damping 89Nonlinear Damping 93Vibration Control 93Other Vibration Considerations 94Transmissibility 94Vibration Isolation 95Commonality of Responses 96Application of Vibration Absorbers in Drill Collars 96Natural Frequencies with Vibration Absorbers 97Responses to Nonperiodic Forces 100Dynamic Load Factor 102Packaging 103Vibrations Caused by Rotor Imbalance 105Response to an Imbalanced Rotating Mass 105Synchronous Whirl of an Imbalanced Rotating Disk 106Balancing a Single Disk 109Synchronous Whirl of Rotating Pipe 109Stability of Rotating Pipe under Axial Load 110Balancing Rotating Masses in Two Planes 112Refining the Design 113Manufacturing 113Manufacturing Drawings 114Dimensioning 114Tolerances 115Three Types of Fits 116Surface Finishes 117Nanosurface Undulations 118Machining Tools 119Lathes 119Drill Press 119Milling Machines 120Machining Centers 120Turning Centers 120References 121Part II Power Generation, Transmission, Consumption 1233 Power Generation 125Water Wheels 125Fluid Mechanics of Water Wheels 125Steam Engines 127Steam Locomotives 128Power Units in Isolated Locations 130Regional Power Stations 131Physical Properties of Steam 131Energy Extraction from Steam 132First Law of Thermodynamics - Enthalpy 132Entropy - Second Law 132Thermodynamics of Heat Engines 133Steam Turbines 135Electric Motors 136Internal Combustion Engines 137Four Stroke Engine 137Two Stroke Engines 138Diesel Engines 139Gas Turbine Engines 139Impulse/Momentum 141Energy Considerations 142Engine Configurations 142Rocket Engines 144Rocketdyne F-1 Engine 144Atlas Booster Engine 144Gas Dynamics Within Rocket Engines 145Rocket Dynamics 146Energy Consumption in US 147Solar Energy 148Hydrogen as a Fuel 149Hydroelectric Power 149Wind Turbines 149Geothermal Energy 149Atomic Energy 150Biofuels 150Notes 150References 1504 Power Transmission 151Gear Train Transmission 153Water Wheel Transmission 153Fundamental Gear Tooth Law 154Involute Gear Features 154Gear Tooth Size - Spur Gears 156Simple Gear Train 158Kinematics 158Worm Gear Train 159Planetary Gear Trains 160Compound Gear Trains 161Pulley Drives 162Rope and Friction Pulleys 162Belted Connections Between Pulley Drives 164Fundamentals of Shaft Design 166Shear Stress 167Stress Analysis of Shafts 170Twisting in Shafts Having Multiple Gears 171Keyway Design 172Mechanical Linkages 173Relative Motion Between Two Points 173Absolute Motion Within a Rotating Reference Frame 175Scotch Yoke 177Slider Crank Mechanism 178Velocity Analysis 179Acceleration Analysis 180Four-Bar Linkage 181Velocity Analysis 183Acceleration Analysis 183Three Bar Linkage 184Velocity Equation 185Acceleration Equation 185Velocity Analysis 186Acceleration Analysis 187Geneva Mechanism 188Flat Gear Tooth and Mating Profile 189Cam Drives 191Cam Drives - Linear Follower 191Velocity Analysis 191Acceleration Polygon 193Cam with Linear Follower, Roller Contact 194Velocity Analysis - Rotating Reference Frame 195Acceleration Analysis - Rotating Reference Frame 195Velocity Analysis - Ritterhaus Model 196Acceleration Analysis - Ritterhaus Model 196Cam with Pivoted Follower 196Power Screw 198Hydraulic Transmission of Power 199Kinematics of the Moineau Pump/Motor 202Mechanics of Positive Displacement Motors 203References 2085 Friction, Bearings, and Lubrication 209Rolling Contact Bearings 209Rated Load of Rolling Contact Bearings 210Effect of Vibrations on the Life of Rolling Contact Bearings 213Effect of Environment on Rolling Contact Bearing Life 216Effect of Vibration and Environment on Bearing Life 217Hydrostatic Thrust Bearings 220Flow Between Parallel Plates 220Fluid Mechanics of Hydrostatic Bearings 222Optimizing Hydrostatic Thrust Bearings 224Pumping Requirements 224Friction Losses Due to Rotation 225Total Energy Consumed 226Coefficient of Friction 227Squeeze Film Bearings 228Pressure Distribution Under a Flat Disc 228Comparison of Pressure Profiles 230Spring Constant of Hydrostatic Films 231Damping Coefficient of Squeeze Films 231Other Shapes of Squeeze Films 233Squeeze Film with Recess 233Squeeze Film Under a Washer 234Spherical Squeeze Film 235Nonsymmetrical Boundaries 236Application to Wrist Pins 237Thick Film Slider Bearings 240Slider Bearings with Fixed Shoe 240Load-Carrying Capacity 243Friction in Slider Bearings 243Coefficient of Friction 244Center of Pressure 244Slider Bearing with Pivoted Shoe 245Frictional Resistance 246Coefficient of Friction 246Exponential Slider-Bearing Profiles 247Pressure Distribution for Exponential Profile 247Pressure Comparison with Straight Taper Profile 248Load-Carrying Capacity 249Pressure Distribution for Open Entry 249Exponential Slider Bearing with Side Leakage 250Hydrodynamic Lubricated Journal Bearings 254Pressure Distribution Around an Idealized Journal Bearing 254Load-Carrying Capacity 257Minimum Film Thickness in Journal Bearings 258Friction in an Idealized Journal Bearing 259Petroff's Law 259Sommerfeld's Solution 260Stribeck Diagram and Boundary Lubrication 261Regions of Friction 261Comparison of Journal Bearing Performance with Roller Bearings 263Journal Bearing 263Roller Contact Bearing (See Footnote 1) 263Ball Bearing (See Footnote 1) 264Note 264References 2646 Energy Consumption 267Subsystems of Drilling Rigs 267Draw Works in Drilling Rigs 269Block and Tackle Hoisting Mechanism 270Spring Constant of Draw Works Cables 270Band Brakes Used to Control Rate of Decent 270Rotary Drive and Drillstring Subsystem 272Kelly and Rotary Table Drive 272Friction in Directional Wells 272Top Drive 273Drillstring Design and Operation 275Buoyancy 276Hook Load 277Definition of Neutral Point 277Basic Drillstring: Drill Pipe and Drill Collars 279Physical Properties of Drill Pipe 279Selecting Drill Pipe Size and Grade 281Select Pipe Grade for a Given Pipe Size 281Determine Maximum Depth for Given Pipe Size and Grade 282Roller Cone Rock Bits 283Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Drill Bits 283Natural Diamond Drill Bits 284Hydraulics of Rotary Drilling 285Optimized Hydraulic Horsepower 285Field Application 288Controlling Formation Fluids 290Hydrostatic Drilling Mud Pressure 290Annular Blowout Preventer 290Hydraulic Rams 292Casing Design 293Collapse Pressure Loading (Production Casing) 295Burst Pressure Loading (Production Casing) 295API Collapse Pressure Guidelines 297Plastic Yielding and Collapse with Tension 297Summary of Pressure Loading (Production Casing) 298Effect of Tension on Casing Collapse 298Tension Forces in Casing 300Design of 95 8 in. Production Casing 302Design Without Factors of Safety 302Directional Drilling 306Downhole Drilling Motors 306Rotary Steerable Tools 307Stabilized Bottom-Hole Assemblies 308Power Units at the Rig Site 310References 310Part III Analytical Tools of Design 3137 Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies 315Statics - Bodies in Equilibrium 315Force Systems 316Freebody Diagrams 318Force Analysis of Trusses 318Method of Joints 319Method of Sections 319Kinematics of Particles 320Linear Motion 320Rectangular Coordinates 321Polar Coordinates 322Velocity Vector 325Acceleration Vector 325Curvilinear Coordinates 325Navigating in Geospace 328Tracking Progress Along a Well Path 328Minimum Curvature Method 329Dogleg Severity 331Projecting Ahead 332Kinematics of Rigid Bodies 333Rigid Body Translation and Rotation 333General Plane Motion 334Dynamics of Particles 335Units of Measure 335Application of Newton's Second Law 336Static Analysis 336Dynamic Analysis 337Work and Kinetic Energy 337Potential Energy 339Drill Bit Nozzle Selection 341Impulse-Momentum 342Impulse-Momentum Applied to a System of Particles 343Mechanics of Hydraulic Turbines 345Performance Relationships 349Maximum Output of Drilling Turbines 350Dynamics of Rigid Bodies 351Rigid Bodies in Plane Motion 352Translation of Rigid Bodies 354Rotation About a Fixed Point 354Center of Gravity of Connecting Rod 355Mass Moment of Inertia of Connecting Rod 356General Motion of Rigid Bodies 356Dynamic Forces Between Rotor and Stator 359Interconnecting Bodies 361Gear Train Start-Up Torque 361Kinetic Energy of Rigid Bodies 363The Catapult 364Impulse-Momentum of Rigid Bodies 364Linear Impulse and Momentum 365Angular Impulse and Momentum 365Angular Impulse Caused by Stabilizers and PDC Drill Bits 368Accounting for Torsional Flexibility in Drill Collars 369Interconnecting Bodies 370Conservation of Angular Momentum 371References 3748 Mechanics of Materials 375Stress Transformation 376Theory of Stress 377Normal and Shear Stress Transformations 377Maximum Normal and Maximum Shear Stresses 378Mohr's Stress Circle 381Theory of Strain 383Strain Transformation 384Mohr's Strain Circle 386Principal Axes of Stress and Strain 386Generalized Hooke's Law 388Theory of Plain Stress 388Orientation of Principal Stress and Strain 389Theory of Plain Strain 391Pressure Vessel Strain Measurements 391Analytical Predictions of Stress and Strain 391Strain in the Spherical Cap 393Conversion of Strain Measurements to Principal Strains and Stresses 393Beam Deflections 396Cantilever Beam with Concentrated Force 397Cantilevered Beam with Uniform Load 398Simply Supported Beam with Distributed Load 399Statically Indeterminate Beams 400Multispanned Beam Columns 402Large Angle Bending in Terms of Polar Coordinates 403Bending Stresses in Drill Pipe Between Tool Joints 405Application to Pipe Bending in Curved Well Bores 408Multispanned Beam in Terms or Polar Coordinates 410Pulling Out of the Well Bore 410Columns and Compression Members 411Column Buckling Under Uniform Compression 411Columns of Variable Cross Section 415Tubular Buckling Due to Internal Pressure 416Effective Tension in Pipe 417Buckling of Drill Collars 418Combined Effects of Axial Force and Internal/External Pressure 420Buckling of Drill Pipe 420Bending Equation for Marine Risers 424Unique Features of the Differential Equation of Bending 424Effective Tension 426Buckling of Marine Risers 426Tapered Flex Joints 429Equation of Bending 430Parabolic Approximation to Moment of Inertia 430Solution to Differential Equation 432Application to Marine Risers 435Torsional Buckling of Long Vertical Pipe 435Boundary Conditions 436Both Top and Bottom Ends Pinned 438Simply Supported at Both Ends with no End Thrust 440Force Applied to Lower End 441Effect of Drilling Fluid on Torsional Buckling 442Lower Boundary Condition Fixed 442Operational Significance 442Pressure Vessels 443Stresses in Thick Wall Cylinders 443Stresses in Thin-Wall Cylinders 444Stresses Along a Helical Seam 444Interference Fit Between Cylinders 445Thin-Wall Cylinders 445Surface Deflections of Thick-Wall Cylinders 447Thick Wall Cylinder Enclosed by Thin Wall Cylinder 448Thick Wall Cylinder Enclosed by Thick Wall Cylinder 448Elastic Buckling of Thin Wall Pipe 449Bresse's Formulation 450Application to Long Cylinders 451Thin Shells of Revolution 452Curved Beams 455Location of Neutral Axis 455Stress Distribution in Cross Section 456Shear Centers 460Unsymmetrical Bending 464Principal Axis of Inertia 464Neutral Axis of Bending 468Bending Stresses 470Beams on Elastic Foundations 471Formulating the Problem 472Mathematical Solution 473Solution to Concentrated Force 474Radial Deflection of Thin Wall Cylinders Due to Ring Loading 475Formulation of Spring Constant 476Equation of Bending for Cylindrical Arc Strip 477Reach of Bending Moment 480Bending Stress in Wall of a Multi Banded Cylinder 480Criteria of Failure 482Combined Stresses 482Internal Pressure 483Applied Torque 483Bending Moment 483Failure of Ductile Materials 484Visualization of Stress at a Point 485Pressure Required to Yield a Cylindrical Vessel 486Failure of Brittle Materials 487Mode of Failure in Third Quadrant 489References 4899 Modal Analysis of Mechanical Vibrations 491Complex Variable Approach 491Complex Transfer Function 493Interpretation of Experimental Data 493Natural Frequency 494Damping Factor 494Spring Constant 495Mass 495Damping Coefficient 495Two Degrees of Freedom 495Natural Frequencies and Modes of Vibration 495SDOF Converted to 2-DOF 497Single Degree of Freedom 497Two Degrees of Freedom 498Other 2-DOF Systems 499Undamped Forced Vibrations (2 DOF) 500Undamped Dynamic Vibration Absorber 502Base and Absorber Pinned Together 503Multi-DOF Systems - Eigenvalues and Mode Shapes 507Flexibility Matrix - Stiffness Matrix 508Direct Determination of the Stiffness Matrix 511Direct Determination of the Mass Matrix 512Amplitude and Characteristic Equations 512Parameters Not Chosen at Discrete Masses 514Lateral Stiffness of a Vertical Cable 515Building the Damping Matrix 516Modal Analysis of Discrete Systems 516Orthogonal Properties of Natural Modes 517Proportional Damping 518Transforming Modal Solution to Local Coordinates 519Free Vibration of Multiple DOF Systems 520Free Vibration of 2 DOF Systems 521Suddenly Stopping Drill Pipe with the Slips 522Critical Damping of Vibration Modes 524Forced Vibration by Harmonic Excitation 526Complex Variable Approach 526Harmonic Excitation of 3 DOF Systems 527Modal Solution of a Damped 2-DOF System 529General Complex Variable Solution 530Experimental Modal Analysis 532Modal Response to Nonperiodic Forces 535Natural Frequencies of Drillstrings 536References 53810 Fluid Mechanics 541Laminar Flow 541Viscous Pumps 541Force to Move Runner 543Capillary Tubes 544Flow Through Noncircular Conduits 545Elliptical Conduit 545Rectangular Conduit 546Unsteady Flow Through Pipe 547Hydraulics of Non-Newtonian Fluids 551Hydraulics of Drilling Fluids 551Pressure Loss Inside Drill Pipe 551Pressure Loss in Annulus 552Oil Well Drilling Pumps 552Drilling Hydraulics 554Power Demands of Downhole Motors 556Performance of Positive Displacement Motors (PDM) 557Application of Drilling Turbines 560Hydraulic Demands of Drilling Motors - Turbines 561Fluid Flow Around Vibrating Micro Cantilevers 562Mathematical Model 563Fluid Pressure Formulation 564Fluid Velocity Formulation 565References 56611 Energy Methods 569Principle of Minimum Potential Energy 569Stable and Unstable Equilibrium 569Stability of Floating Objects 570Stability of a Vertical Rod 572Rayleigh's Method 573Multiple Degrees of Freedom 574Structure Having Two Degrees of Freedom 574Analysis of Beam Deflection by Fourier Series 576Concentrated Load 577Distributed Load 577Axially Loaded Beam (Column) 578Principle of Complementary Energy 579Engineering Application 580Castigliano's Theorem 582Chemically Induced Deflections 588Microcantilever Sensors 588Simulation Model 588Molecular and Elastic Potential Energies 591References 592Index 593

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Donald W. Dareing is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Professor Dareing worked at Exxon Production Research for many years, and is a Life Fellow Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (AMSE).