Engineering Applications of Lasers and Holography

ISBN-13: 9781468421620 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 400 str.

Winston Kock

Opis

This book is intended for upperclass college students as an introduction to the growing field of coherent optics and to the increasing number of its applications, and also for those versed in other fields who wish to gain per- spective and insight without detailed calculations. It is an outgrowth of the author's Science Study Series book Lasers and HolographY. * Besides being an updated and expanded version of that book, it includes discussions of numerous recent applications. It differs in its slightly higher analytical level and in the inclusion oflarge numbers of references, which enable the reader to obtain further information on subjects of interest to him. The level was selected to match the capabilities of students in their middle college years so as to permit them to make an early assessment of possible career interests in any of the many interdisciplinary fields now embracing the technologies of modern optics. It is hoped that the book can be used (as has occurred rather extensively with another of the author's Science Study Series books, Sound Waves and Light Wavest) as an auxiliary reading assignment for students in various disciplines. The author strongly believes that the promise of continued growth in this field, as evidenced by the extensive participation in technology develop- ments by industry, both within the U. S. and abroad, identifies the subject as * Doubleday, 1969 (hard cover and paperback).

Spis treści

1 Fundamental Wave Properties.- 1.1. Wave Interference.- 1.2. Phase.- 1.3. Wave Visualization.- 1.4. Diffraction.- 1.5. Diffraction by a Slit.- 1.6. The Near (Fresnel), Far (Fraunhofer), and Transition Fields.- 1.7. Diffraction by Two Slits.- 1.8. Dependence of Diffraction on Wavelength.- 1.9. Wave Polarization.- 1.10. Refraction.- 1.11. Prisms.- 1.12. References.- 2 Wave Coherence.- 2.1. Frequency Coherence.- 2.2. Frequency Stability.- 2.3. Spatial Coherence.- 2.4. Coherent Waves from Small Sources.- 2.5. The Extremely Short Wavelengths of Light.- 3 Gratings and Zone Plates.- 3.1. The Optical Grating.- 3.2. Slit Gratings and Photographic Gratings.- 3.3. A Prism Grating.- 3.4. A Double-Prism Grating.- 3.5. Volume Effects.- 3.6. The Classical Zone Plate.- 3.7. Zone Plates with Areas Interchanged.- 3.8. A Photographic Zone Plate.- 3.9. Offset Zone Plates.- 3.10. Zone Plates as Lenses.- 3.11. Volume Zone Plates.- 3.12. Standing-Wave Patterns.- 3.13. Lattice Reflectors.- 3.14. Reflection Zone Plates.- 3.15. References.- 4 Hologram Fundamentals.- 4.1. Two Simple Holograms.- 4.2. The Complete Hologram Process.- 4.3. The Hologram of a Scene.- 4.4. Parallax in Holograms.- 4.5. Single-Wavelength Nature of Holograms.- 4.6. Nonoptical Holograms.- 4.7. Microwave Holograms.- 4.8. Acoustic Holograms.- 4.9. Microwave Holograms and Liquid Crystals.- 4.10. Liquid-Surface Acoustic Holograms.- 4.11. Hologram Equations.- 4.12. References.- 5 Properties of Holograms.- 5.1. Three-Dimensional Realism.- 5.2. Holograms and Photographs.- 5.3. Lens Action.- 5.4. A Stereohologram.- 5.5. Focused-Image Holography.- 5.6. Reconstruction with a Small Portion of a Hologram.- 5.7. Pseudoscopy in the Real Image of a Hologram.- 5.8. Image Inversion.- 5.9. Color Holograms.- 5.10. Requirements on Film Properties.- 5.11. Information Content.- 5.12. Holograms and Coherent Radar.- 5.13. References.- 6 Laser Fundamentals.- 6.1. The Metastable State.- 6.2. The Two-Step Process.- 6.3. Energy Conservation with Reflectors.- 6.4. Reflectors and Spatial Coherence.- 6.5. Energy Concentration.- 6.6. Q-Spoiling.- 6.7. Gas Lasers.- 6.8. Reflectors and Resonators.- 6.9. The Natural Line Width.- 6.10. Coherence Length.- 6.11. Semiconductor Lasers.- 6.12. Other-Level Lasers.- 6.13. References.- 7 Recent Developments in Lasers.- 7.1. Laser Units.- 7.2. Solid Lasers.- 7.3. Solid Laser Amplifiers.- 7.4. Gas Lasers.- 7.5. Semiconductor Lasers.- 7.6. Liquid Lasers.- 7.7. Mode Locking.- 7.8. References.- 8 Lasers in Measurement.- 8.1. Alignment.- 8.2. Distance and Length Measurements.- 8.3. Velocity Measurements.- 8.4. Measurement of Acceleration.- 8.5. Atmospheric Effects.- 8.6. Sonic Boom.- 8.7. Measurement of Pollutants.- 8.8. Lasers in Machine-Tool Measurements.- 8.9. Holographic Microscopy.- 8.10. Saturation Spectroscopy.- 8.11. Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopy.- 8.12. Mass Spectroscopy.- 8.13. Holographic Interferometry.- 8.14. Interferometric Structure Analysis.- 8.15. Interferometric Detection of Footprints.- 8.16. Interferometric Testing of Rocket Components.- 8.17. Nonoptical Holographic Interferometry.- 8.18. Laser Speckle.- 8.19. Measurement Techniques Employing Speckle.- 8.20. References.- 9 Microwave Holography.- 9.1. Early Developments.- 9.2. Detection Devices.- 9.3. Microwave-Hologram Antennas.- 9.4. Liquid Crystal Holograms.- 9.5. Holographic Signal Processing.- 9.6. The Synthetic-Aperture Concept.- 9.7. Stationary Synthetic-Aperture Systems.- 9.8. Forward-Scatter Hologram Radars.- 9.9. Bistatic Hologram Radars.- 9.10. Passive and End-Fire Radars.- 9.11. Synthetic-Interferometer Radars.- 9.12. Radar Range Acquisition by Holography.- 9.13. References.- 10 Acoustic Holography Applications.- 10.1. Early Developments.- 10.2. Acoustic Synthetic-Aperture Systems.- 10.3. Underwater Applications.- 10.4. Acoustic Kinoforms.- 10.5. Holographic Pulse Compression.- 10.6. Hologram Sonar Using Incoherent Illumination.- 10.7. Seismic Holography.- 10.8. References.- 11 Lasers in Industry.- 11.1. Welding and Metalworking.- 11.2. Micromachining.- 11.3. Solid-State Trimming.- 11.4. Laser Scribers for Substrates.- 11.5. Microdrilling.- 11.6. Fabric Cutting.- 11.7. Checkout Systems for Supermarkets.- 11.8. Display Applications.- 11.9. Cable Insulation Stripping.- 11.10. Control of Crystal Growth.- 11.11. Chromatograph-Analysis Use.- 11.12. Weather Analysis.- 11.13. References.- 12 Communications.- 12.1. The Constant Demand for Bandwidth.- 12.2. Coaxial Cable.- 12.3. Microwave Systems.- 12.4. Radio Relay Circuits.- 12.5. Satellite Communications.- 12.6. Orbiting Satellites.- 12.7. Synchronous Satellites.- 12.8. Domestic Systems.- 12.9. Early Laser Research.- 12.10. Basic Laser Communication Considerations.- 12.11. Line-of-Sight Laser Communications.- 12.12. Satellite Laser Communications.- 12.13. Wires of Glass.- 12.14. A Long-Distance Fiber Circuit.- 12.15. Short-Length Fiber Circuits.- 12.16. Optical Film Devices.- 12.17. Lasers in Microfilm Transmission.- 12.18. Television Recording.- 12.19. References.- 13 Medical Applications.- 13.1. The Development of Ultrasonics in Medical Imaging.- 13.2. Recent Developments.- 13.3. Details of Recent Ultrasonic Techniques.- 13.4. Synthetic-Aperture Techniques in Medicine.- 13.5. Real-Time Synthetic Aperture.- 13.6. Liquid-Surface Holography for Medical Diagnostics.- 13.7. Concern About Acoustic Intensity in Holography.- 13.8. Holography and Three-Dimensional X-Ray Pictures.- 13.9. Holography and Three-Dimensional Gamma-Ray Images.- 13.10. Applications in Ophthalmic Fields.- 13.11. Dental Applications.- 13.12. References.- 14 Computing Applications.- 14.1. Fourier Series.- 14.2. Discrete Fourier Analysis.- 14.3. Discrete Analysis Tables.- 14.4. Fourier Integrals.- 14.5. Fourier Transforms.- 14.6. Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT).- 14.7. Distant-Field Patterns.- 14.8. Near-Field Patterns.- 14.9. Space-Frequency Equivalence.- 14.10. Two-Dimensional Fourier Transforms.- 14.11. The History of Optical Processing.- 14.12. Optical Filtering.- 14.13. Seismic Applications.- 14.14. Complex Optical Filters.- 14.15. Complex-Filter Applications.- 14.16. Optical Processing in Radar.- 14.17. Parallel Optical Processing: The Accepting Function.- 14.18. Parallel Optical Processing: The Processing and Display Function.- 14.19. Real-Time Optical Computing.- 14.20. Computer-Generated Holograms.- 14.21. Holographic Computer Memories.- 14.22. Flying-Spot Scanning.- 14.23. Read-Only Memories.- 14.24. Volume Hologram Memories.- 14.25. Erasable Memories.- 14.26. One-Dimensional Hologram Memories.- 14.27. References.- 15 Nuclear Fusion.- 15.1. Power Needs.- 15.2. Atomic Energy Development.- 15.3. Nuclear Weapons.- 15.4. Fission Reactors.- 15.5. The Breeder Reactor.- 15.6. Controlled Fusion.- 15.7. Amplifying the Laser Pulses.- 15.8. Laser-Fusion Experiments.- 15.9. Pulse Tailoring.- 15.10. Uranium Enrichment by Lasers.- 15.11. References.- Further Reading Suggestions.- Author Index.