Engineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control

ISBN-13: 9781118496428 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 784 str.

Malcolm J. Crocker; Jorge P. Arenas

Spis treści

Series Preface xixPreface xxiAcknowledgements xxiii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 11.2.1 Stationary Signals 21.2.2 Nonstationary Signals 21.3 Frequency Analysis 31.3.1 Fourier Series 31.3.2 Nonperiodic Functions and the Fourier Spectrum 61.3.3 Random Noise 61.3.4 Mean Square Values 81.3.5 Energy and Power Spectral Densities 91.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 101.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 15References 172 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 192.2.1 Period, Frequency, and Phase 202.2.2 Velocity and Acceleration 212.3 Vibrating Systems 232.3.1 Mass-Spring System 232.4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 302.4.1 Free Vibration - Undamped 312.4.2 Forced Vibration - Undamped 342.4.3 Effect of Damping 362.5 Continuous Systems 382.5.1 Vibration of Beams 382.5.2 Vibration of Thin Plates 41References 463 Sound Generation and Propagation 493.1 Introduction 493.2 Wave Motion 493.3 Plane Sound Waves 503.3.1 Sound Pressure 543.3.2 Particle Velocity 543.3.3 Impedance and Sound Intensity 553.3.4 Energy Density 553.3.5 Sound Power 563.4 Decibels and Levels 563.4.1 Sound Pressure Level 563.4.2 Sound Power Level 573.4.3 Sound Intensity Level 573.4.4 Combination of Decibels 583.5 Three-dimensional Wave Equation 603.6 Sources of Sound 613.6.1 Sound Intensity 633.7 Sound Power of Sources 633.7.1 Sound Power of Idealized Sound Sources 633.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 673.9 Directivity 683.9.1 Directivity Factor (Q(theta, Õ)) 703.9.2 Directivity Index 713.10 Line Sources 713.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 723.12 Ray Acoustics 743.13 Energy Acoustics 753.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 763.14.1 Reverberation 763.14.2 Sound Absorption 773.14.3 Reverberation Time 783.15 Room Equation 803.15.1 Critical Distance 813.15.2 Noise Reduction 823.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 823.17 Standing Waves 853.18 Waveguides 913.19 Other Approaches 923.19.1 Acoustical Lumped Elements 923.19.2 Numerical Approaches: Finite Elements and Boundary Elements 923.19.3 Acoustic Modeling Using Equivalent Circuits 93References 934 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics 954.1 Introduction 954.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 954.2.1 Construction of the Ear 954.2.2 Working of the Ear Mechanism 984.2.3 Theories of Hearing 984.3 Subjective Response 994.3.1 Hearing Envelope 994.3.2 Loudness Measurement 994.3.3 Masking 1034.3.4 Pitch 1074.3.5 Weighted Sound Pressure Levels 1084.3.6 Critical Bands 1114.3.7 Frequency (Bark) 1124.3.8 Zwicker Loudness 1134.3.9 Loudness Adaptation 1154.3.10 Empirical Loudness Meter 1154.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 1164.4.1 Conduction Hearing Loss 1164.4.2 Sensory-Neural Hearing Loss 1174.4.3 Presbycusis 1184.5 Speech Production 118References 1225 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People 1255.1 Introduction 1255.2 Sleep Disturbance 1255.3 Annoyance 1265.4 Cardiovascular Effects 1275.5 Cognitive Impairment 1295.6 Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 1305.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 1315.7.1 Theories for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 1325.7.2 Impulsive and Impact Noise 1335.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 1345.8.1 Daily Noise Dose and Time-Weighted Average Calculation 1375.9 Hearing Protection 1405.9.1 Hearing Protectors 1405.9.2 Hearing Conservation Programs 1435.10 Effects of Vibration on People 1445.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People 1475.11.1 Acceleration Frequency Weightings 1475.11.2 Whole-Body Vibration Dose Value 1475.11.3 Evaluation of Hand-Transmitted Vibration 149References 1516 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration 1556.1 Introduction 1556.2 Loudness and Annoyance 1556.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 1566.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 1576.4.1 Noisiness 1576.4.2 Effective Perceived Noise Level 1596.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 1606.6 Speech Interference Level 1616.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 1626.7.1 NC Curves 1626.7.2 NR Curves 1636.7.3 RC Curves 1636.7.4 Balanced NC Curves 1656.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 1666.9 Sound Exposure Level 1676.10 Day-Night Equivalent SPL 1686.11 Percentile SPLs 1706.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 1706.12.1 Composite Noise Rating 1716.12.2 Noise Exposure Forecast 1726.12.3 Noise and Number Index 1726.12.4 Equivalent A-Weighted SPL Leq, Day-Night Level Ldn, and Day-Evening-Night Level Lden 1726.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 1726.13.1 Traffic Noise Index 1726.13.2 Noise Pollution Level 1736.13.3 Equivalent SPL 1736.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 1746.15 Human Response 1756.15.1 Sleep Interference 1756.15.2 Annoyance 1766.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 1806.16.1 Noise Criteria 1806.17 Human Vibration Criteria 1826.17.1 Human Comfort in Buildings 1826.17.2 Effect of Vibration on Buildings 184References 1857 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements 1897.1 Introduction 1897.2 Typical Measurement Systems 1897.3 Transducers 1907.3.1 Transducer Characteristics 1917.3.2 Sensitivity 1917.3.3 Dynamic Range 1937.3.4 Frequency Response 1957.4 Noise Measurements 1957.4.1 Types of Microphones for Noise Measurements 1967.4.2 Directivity 1997.4.3 Transducer Calibration 1997.5 Vibration Measurements 2027.5.1 Principle of Seismic Mass Transducers 2037.5.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers 2067.5.3 Measurement Difficulties 2087.5.4 Calibration, Metrology, and Traceability of Shock and Vibration Transducers 2117.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise And Vibration Measurements 2117.6.1 Signal Analysis and Data Processing 2117.6.2 Sound Level Meters (SLMs) and Dosimeters 2117.6.3 Sound Power and Sound Intensity 2127.6.4 Modal Analysis 2127.6.5 Condition Monitoring 2137.6.6 Advanced Noise and Vibration Analysis and Measurement Techniques 213References 2148 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss 2178.1 Introduction 2178.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 2178.3 Theoretical Background 2218.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 2238.4.1 Active and Reactive Intensity 2238.4.2 Plane Progressive Waves 2238.4.3 Standing Waves 2258.4.4 Vibrating Piston in a Tube 2268.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 2288.5.1 The Monopole Source 2288.5.2 The Dipole Source 2308.5.3 General Case 2308.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 2328.6.1 The p-p Method 2328.6.2 The p-u Method 2468.6.3 The Surface Intensity Method 2518.7 Applications 2538.7.1 Sound Power Determination 2558.7.2 Noise Source Identification 2598.7.3 Noise Source Identification on a Diesel Engine Using Sound Intensity 2598.7.4 Measurements of the Transmission Loss of Structures Using Sound Intensity 2658.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 2758.8.1 Sound Intensity Method 2778.8.2 Sound Pressure Method 2788.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements 280References 2829 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 2879.1 Introduction 2879.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 2879.2.1 Noise and Vibration Source Identification 2889.2.2 Noise Reduction Techniques 2909.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 2909.3.1 Theory of Vibration Isolation 2919.3.2 Machine Vibration 2949.3.3 Use of Inertia Blocks 2959.3.4 Other Considerations 2969.4 Use of Damping Materials 2969.4.1 Unconstrained Damping Layer 2989.4.2 Constrained Damping Layer 2999.5 Use of Sound Absorption 3009.5.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient 3009.5.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient 3009.5.3 Absorption by Porous Fibrous Materials 3019.5.4 Panel or Membrane Absorbers 3069.5.5 Helmholtz Resonator Absorbers 3079.5.6 Perforated Panel Absorbers 3109.5.7 Slit Absorbers 3129.5.8 Suspended Absorbers 3149.5.9 Acoustical Spray-on Materials 3149.5.10 Acoustical Plaster 3159.5.11 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficients 3169.5.12 Optimization of the Reverberation Time 3169.5.13 Reduction of the Sound Pressure Level in Reverberant Fields 3189.6 Acoustical Enclosures 3199.6.1 Reverberant Sound Field Model for Enclosures 3199.6.2 Machine Enclosure in Free Field 3209.6.3 Simple Enclosure Design Assuming Diffuse Reverberant Sound Fields 3219.6.4 Close-Fitting Enclosures 3259.6.5 Partial Enclosures 3279.6.6 Other Considerations 3289.7 Use of Barriers 3309.7.1 Transmission Loss of Barriers 3349.7.2 Use of Barriers Indoors 3349.7.3 Reflections from the Ground 3379.7.4 Use of Barriers Outdoors 3389.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control 339References 34410 Mufflers and Silencers - Absorbent and Reactive Types 35110.1 Introduction 35110.2 Muffler Classification 35110.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 35210.4 Reactive Mufflers 35210.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 35410.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 35810.6.1 Transmission Line Theory 35810.6.2 TL of Resonators 35910.6.3 NACA 1192 Study on Reactive Muffler TL 36810.6.4 Transfer Matrix Theory 37110.7 Exhaust System Modeling 37410.7.1 Transmission Loss 37410.7.2 Insertion Loss 37510.7.3 Sound Pressure Radiated from Tailpipe 37610.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 37710.8.1 Tail Pipe Radiation 37710.8.2 Internal Combustion Engine Impedance and Source Strength 37810.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 38010.9.1 Finite Element Analysis 38010.9.2 Boundary Element Analysis 38810.9.3 TL of Concentric Tube Resonators 39610.10 Reactive Muffler IL 40310.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 40310.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 40610.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 40610.14 Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 40710.14.1 Embleton's Method [8] 40810.14.2 Ver's Method [11, 12, 136] 40910.14.3 Ingard's Method [149] 41110.14.4 Bies and Hansen Method [14] 41410.14.5 Mechel's Design Curves [152] 41510.14.6 Ramakrishnan and Watson Curves [151] 41610.14.7 Finite Element Approach for Attenuation of Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 418References 42011 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines 42711.1 Introduction 42711.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 42711.2.1 Gears 42711.2.2 Bearings 43011.2.3 Fans and Blowers 43311.2.4 Metal Cutting 43811.2.5 Woodworking 43911.3 Built-up Machines 44311.3.1 Internal Combustion Engines 44311.3.2 Electric Motors and Electrical Equipment 44411.3.3 Compressors 44611.3.4 Pumps 45011.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 45411.4.1 Valve-Induced Noise 45411.4.2 Hydraulic System Noise 45611.4.3 Furnace and Burner Noise 45811.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery 45911.5.1 Machine Tool Noise, Vibration, and Chatter 45911.5.2 Sound Power Level for Industrial Machinery 460References 46012 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings 46512.1 Introduction 46512.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 46612.2.1 Mass-Law Transmission Loss 46612.2.2 Random Incidence Transmission Loss 46912.2.3 The Coincidence Effect 47412.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 47612.3.1 Sound Transmission Through Infinite Double Panels 47612.3.2 London's Theory 47712.3.3 Empirical Approach 48012.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 48412.4.1 Introduction 48412.4.2 SEA Fundamentals and Assumptions 48412.4.3 Power Flow Between Coupled Systems 49612.4.4 Modal Behavior of Panel 49612.4.5 Use of SEA to Predict Sound Transmission Through Panels or Partitions 49712.4.6 Design of Enclosures Using SEA 50312.4.7 Optimization of Enclosure Attenuation 50612.4.8 SEA Computer Codes 50812.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 50812.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 51112.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 51412.7.1 Laboratory Methods of Measuring Transmission Loss 51412.7.2 Measurements of Transmission Loss in the Field 51912.8 Single-Number Ratings for Partitions 52012.9 Impact Sound Transmission 52312.9.1 Laboratory and Field Measurements of Impact Transmission 52412.9.2 Rating of Impact Sound Transmission 52612.10 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data 52712.10.1 Gypsum Board Walls 52812.10.2 Masonry Walls 52812.10.3 Airborne and Impact Insulation of Floors 53012.10.4 Doors and Windows 53312.11 Sound Insulation Requirements 53412.12 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind 54112.12.1 Wind Excitation of Buildings 54212.12.2 Structural Vibration Response of Buildings and Towers 54412.12.3 Methods of Building Structure Vibration Reduction and Control 54612.12.4 Human Response to Vibration and Acceptability Criteria 548References 54913 Design of Air-conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control 55713.1 Introduction 55713.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 55813.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 55813.3.1 HVAC Systems in Residential Homes 55913.3.2 HVAC Systems in Large Buildings 55913.3.3 Correct and Incorrect Installation of HVAC Systems 56213.3.4 Sources of Noise and Causes of Complaints in HVAC Systems 56413.4 Fan Noise 56513.4.1 Types of Fans Used in HVAC Systems 56813.4.2 Blade passing Frequency (BPF) 56913.4.3 Fan Efficiency 57113.4.4 Sound Power and Frequency Content of Fans 57313.4.5 Sound Power Levels of Fans and Predictions 57413.4.6 Prediction of Fan Sound Power Level 57513.4.7 Importance of Proper Installation of Centrifugal Fans 57713.4.8 Terminal Units (CAV, VAV, and Fan-Powered VAV Boxes) 57913.5 Space Planning 58113.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 58313.6.1 Use of Floating Floors 58413.6.2 Vibration Control of Equipment 58813.6.3 Selection of Vibration Isolators 58813.6.4 Vibration Isolation of Ducts, Pipes, and Wiring 59613.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 59813.7.1 Use of Fiberglass in Plenum Chambers, Mufflers, and HVAC Ducts 59813.7.2 Attenuation of Plenum Chambers 59813.7.3 Duct Attenuation 60313.7.4 Sound Attenuators (Silencers) 60713.7.5 Branches and Power Splits 60913.7.6 Attenuation Due to End Reflection 61013.7.7 Attenuation by Miter Bends 61313.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 61413.8.1 Elbow Noise 61413.8.2 Take-off Noise 61713.8.3 Grille Noise 61813.8.4 Diffuser Noise 62013.8.5 Damper Noise 62013.9 Radiated Noise 62113.9.1 Duct-Radiated Noise 62313.9.2 Sound Breakout and Breakin From Ducts 62413.9.3 Mixing Box Radiated Noise 62713.9.4 Radiation From Fan Plenum Walls 62813.9.5 Overall Sound Pressure Level Prediction 628References 63114 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 63314.1 Introduction 63314.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 63314.2.1 Power Plant Noise and Its Control 63514.2.2 Intake and Exhaust Noise and Muffler Design 63914.2.3 Tire/Road Noise Sources and Control 64014.2.4 Aerodynamic Noise Sources on Vehicles 64214.2.5 Gearbox Noise and Vibration 64314.2.6 Brake Noise Prediction and Control 64414.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 64414.3.1 Automobiles and Trucks 64414.3.2 Off-Road Vehicles 64914.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 65014.4.1 Wheel-Rail Interaction Noise 65014.4.2 Interior Rail Vehicle Cabin Noise 65114.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships 654References 65615 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control 66115.1 Introduction 66115.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 66115.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 66315.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 66315.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 66615.5.1 Passive Noise and Vibration Control 66615.5.2 Active Noise and Vibration Control 66815.6 Airport Noise Control 66915.6.1 Noise Control at the Source 66915.6.2 Airport-specific Noise Control Measures 670References 67316 Community Noise and Vibration Sources 67716.1 Introduction 67716.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 67716.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 68016.3.1 Traffic Noise Sources 68016.3.2 Rail System Noise Sources 68316.3.3 Ground-Borne Vibration Transmission from Road and Rail Systems 68316.3.4 Aircraft and Airport Noise Prediction and Control 68416.3.5 Off-road Vehicle and Construction Equipment Exterior Noise Prediction and Control 68716.3.6 Industrial and Commercial Noise in the Community 68816.3.7 Construction and Building Site Noise 68816.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 68916.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 69016.5.1 Attenuation Provided by Barriers, Earth Berms, Buildings, and Vegetation 69016.5.2 Base Isolation of Buildings for Control of Ground-Borne Vibration 69216.5.3 Noise Control Using Porous Road Surfaces 69316.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts 69416.6.1 Community Noise Ordinances 69416.6.2 Recommendations for Urban Projects 69716.6.3 Strategic Noise Maps 69716.6.4 Soundscapes 698References 699Glossary 705Index 737

O autorze

Malcolm J. Crocker obtained his Bachelors degree in Aeronautical Engineering and Masters degree in Noise and Vibration Studies from Southampton University and his PhD in Acoustics from Liverpool University. He worked at Supermarine and Vickers Armstrong Aircraft, UK, and at Wyle Labs, Huntsville, USA on the Lunar Saturn V launch noise. He has held full professor positions at Purdue, Sydney, and Auburn. At Auburn he served as Mechanical Engineering Department Head and Distinguished University Professor. He has published over 300 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings and written eight books including the award-winning Encyclopedia of Acoustics, Handbook of Acoustics, and Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control for Wiley. Crocker served as one of the four founding directors of I-INCE and one of the four founding directors of IIAV. He was general chair of INTER-NOISE 72. He served for 40 years as Editor-in-Chief of the Noise Control Engineering Journal and the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration. He has numerous awards including three honorary doctorates in Russia and Romania and is fellow and/or distinguished fellow of ASA, IIAV and ASME. He received the 2017 ASME Per Bruel Gold Medal for contributions to noise control and acoustics.Jorge P. Arenas, Professor and former director of the Institute of Acoustics, University Austral of Chile, and Fellow of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV). He received a degree in Acoustical Engineering in 1988 and his MSc in Physics in 1996 both from Univ. Austral, Chile. In 2001, he obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Auburn University in the USA. He also gained professional experience at the Institute of Acoustics in Madrid, Spain, and at the University of Southampton in the UK. He has served as the President of the IIAV (2016-2018) and he is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration and a member of the editorial board of the journals Shock and Vibration and Applied Acoustics.