Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119881933 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 352 str.

John Zhai

Spis treści

1 Sustainable Building 11.1 Building Functions 11.2 Building Elements 21.2.1 Input: Energy 21.2.2 Input: Water 31.2.3 Input: Materials 51.2.4 Output: Waste 61.2.5 Output: Pollution 71.2.6 Output: Poor Health 71.3 Definition of Sustainable Building 71.4 Origin and Significance of Sustainable Building 81.5 Sustainable Principles 111.5.1 Reduce 121.5.2 Reuse 131.5.3 Recycle 131.5.4 Regenerate 131.6 Three-Layer Design Approach 141.7 Three-Tier Design Approach 161.8 Two Case Studies 18Homework Problems 20References 212 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 232.1 Life Phases of a Building 232.2 Design Process of a Building 242.3 Integrated Design Process of a Sustainable Building 272.4 Basics of Cost and Economic Analysis 302.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 352.5.1 Terminologies 352.5.2 Life Cycle Cost 362.5.3 Life Cycle Savings 372.6 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Optimization 40Homework Problems 433 Building Standards and Codes 453.1 Impacts of Building Codes 453.2 Types of Design Regulations 453.2.1 Federal Regulations 453.2.2 Building Codes 483.2.3 Building Standards 493.2.4 Building Guidelines 503.2.5 Building Assessment and Rating Systems 513.3 Integrative Use of All 563.3.1 Integrated Design 563.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Design 573.3.3 Building Information Modeling 58Homework Problems 59References 594 Air Properties and Psychrometric Chart 614.1 Air Composition 614.2 Moist Air and Its Properties 624.2.1 Ideal Gas Law 624.2.2 Properties 624.2.2.1 Pressure: P (Unit: Pa) 624.2.2.2 Temperature: T (Unit: K, C, F, R) 644.2.2.3 Humidity Ratio: W (Unit: Kg/Kgdry-air) 644.2.2.4 Relative Humidity: Õ (Unit: %) 654.2.2.5 Dewpoint Temperature: Tdew (Unit: K, C, F, R) 664.2.2.6 Wet-Bulb Temperature: Twet (Unit: K, C, F, R) 664.2.2.7 Enthalpy: h (Unit: kJ/kgdry-air, Btu/lbdry-air) 674.3 Construction of a Psychrometric Chart 704.3.1 Construction of Air Saturation Line as a Function of Temperature 704.3.2 Construction of Relative Humidity Lines 714.3.3 Construction of Enthalpy Lines 714.3.4 Construction of Wet-Bulb Temperature Lines 724.3.5 The Final Format of a Psychrometric Chart 74Homework Problems 775 Climate and Site Analysis 795.1 Climate Analysis 795.1.1 Meteorological Year Data 795.1.2 Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Data on Psychrometric Chart 805.2 Heating and Cooling Design Climatic Data 995.3 Site Analysis 104Homework Problems 1086 Indoor Thermal Comfort 1096.1 Indoor Environment Quality 1096.2 Indoor Thermal Comfort 1096.2.1 Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms 1096.2.2 Energy Conservation Equation 1116.2.3 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) due to Thermal Comfort 1146.3 Comfort Zone 1186.4 Approaches to Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort 1256.5 Other Thermal Comfort Factors 1276.5.1 Draft 1276.5.2 Asymmetry of Radiation 1276.5.3 Thermal Stratification 1286.5.4 Thermal Variations with Time 1296.5.5 Floor Surface Temperature 129Homework Problems 130References 1317 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Infiltration 1337.1 Indoor Air Quality 1337.1.1 Causes of Sickness 1337.1.2 Control of Indoor Contaminants 1367.2 Ventilation 1377.2.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) 1377.2.2 Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP) 1417.3 Air Purification 1437.4 Infiltration 1497.5 Blower Door Test 153Homework Problems 157References 1588 Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 1598.1 Latent Heat Transfer 1598.2 Sensible Heat Transfer 1608.2.1 Heat/Thermal Storage 1608.2.2 Conduction: Conductive Heat Transfer 1638.2.3 Convection: Convective Heat Transfer 1738.2.4 Radiation: Radiative Heat Transfer 1818.3 Practical Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 1898.4 Ground Heat Transfer 1968.4.1 Slab-on-Grade 1968.4.2 Below-Grade Heat Transfer: Basement Wall and Floor 198Homework Problems 2039 Sun and Solar Radiation 2079.1 Sun and Solar 2079.2 Solar Angles 2099.3 Sky Dome and Sun-Path Diagrams 2129.4 Solar Shading 2159.5 Solar Radiation on External Walls 2189.6 Solar Radiation on Windows 221Homework Problems 22910 Passive Building Systems 23310.1 Introduction 23310.2 Overview of Passive Cooling 23410.3 Overview of Passive Heating 23510.4 Prescreening Feasibility of Passive Cooling and Heating Techniques 23610.5 Natural Ventilation 23910.5.1 Principle 23910.5.2 Performance 23910.5.3 Design Considerations 24010.6 Night Cooling with Thermal Mass 24310.6.1 Principle 24310.6.2 Performance 24410.6.3 Design Considerations 24410.7 Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling 24610.7.1 Principle 24610.7.2 Performance 24710.7.3 Design Considerations 24910.8 Trombe Wall 25010.8.1 Principle 25010.8.2 Performance 25110.8.3 Design Considerations 25110.9 Sunspace 25210.9.1 Principle 25210.9.2 Performance 25210.9.3 Design Considerations 25310.10 Double Skin Façade 25410.10.1 Principle 25410.10.2 Performance 25410.10.3 Design Considerations 25510.11 Phase Change Material 25810.11.1 Principle 25810.11.2 Performance 25810.11.3 Design Considerations 260Homework Problems 262References 26311 Building Load Calculation 26511.1 Residential and Light Commercial Buildings 26511.1.1 Heating Load Calculation 26611.1.1.1 Through Envelope Structures and Windows 26711.1.1.2 Through Infiltration 26711.1.2 Cooling Load Calculation 26711.1.2.1 Through Envelope Structures 26711.1.2.2 Through Envelope Glasses 26811.1.2.3 Through Infiltration 27011.1.2.4 Due to Occupants and Appliances 27011.2 Commercial Buildings 271Homework Problems 27612 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems 27912.1 Basics of Heating and Cooling Systems 27912.1.1 Heating Systems 27912.1.1.1 Fire Pit and Fireplace 27912.1.1.2 Hot Water Heating Systems 27912.1.1.3 Hot Air Heating Systems 28112.1.1.4 Electrical Heating Systems 28612.1.2 Cooling Systems 28612.1.2.1 Principles of Compressive Refrigeration 28612.1.2.2 Various Air-Conditioning Systems 28912.2 Basics of Heating and Cooling Distribution Systems 28912.2.1 All Air System 29012.2.2 All Water System 29212.2.3 Air Water System 29212.3 Heating and Cooling on Psychrometric Chart 29312.3.1 Change of Sensible Heat 29312.3.2 Humidification and Dehumidification 29712.3.3 Cooling and Dehumidification 29812.3.4 Heating and Humidification 29912.3.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Air 30112.4 Central HVAC Systems on Psychrometric Chart 30212.5 Coil Sizing and Selection 305Homework Problems 311Reference 31413 Building Energy Consumption 31513.1 Manual Calculation 31513.1.1 The Degree-Day Method 31513.1.2 The Bin Method 31813.2 Computer Simulation 31813.2.1 Introduction 31813.2.2 Fundamentals of EnergyPlus (E+) 32113.2.2.1 General Descriptions of EnergyPlus 32113.2.2.2 Heat Balance Method of EnergyPlus 32213.2.3 A Case Study of EnergyPlus (E+) 32613.2.3.1 EnergyPlus Model Input Uncertainty 32913.2.3.2 EnergyPlus Model Calibration 32913.2.3.3 EnergyPlus Model Results 33013.2.3.4 Summary 335Homework Problems 336References 33714 Building Energy Analysis and Optimization 33914.1 Overview 33914.2 Simulation Tools 34114.3 Benchmark Model Development 34114.3.1 Developing the Benchmark Model 34114.3.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Description for the Cold Climate Region 34114.3.3 Chinese Office Benchmark Performance 34314.4 Parametric Analysis 34414.5 Energy Efficiency Measures 34414.5.1 Selecting Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 34414.5.2 Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 34514.6 Initial Optimization 34514.6.1 Optimization Fundamentals 34514.6.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Initial Optimization 34614.7 Sensitivity Analysis 34714.8 Second Optimization and Recommendations 34814.9 Conclusions 349Homework Problems 350References 352Index 353

O autorze

Zhiqiang (John) Zhai, PhD, is Professor for Building Systems Engineering in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He obtained his first doctorate in Engineering at the Tsinghua University and his second doctorate in Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his research is focused on thermal and environmental systems, indoor and outdoor environmental quality, and sustainable and immune buildings.