Endothelial Cell Biology in Health and Disease

ISBN-13: 9781461282549 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 478 str.

M. Simionescu; N. Simionescu

Opis

Although blood capillaries were first observed through a flea-lens microscope by Malpighi in 1661,200 more years elapsed before the cellular nature of the vessel wall was conclusively demonstrated. Beginning with the middle of the 19th cen tury, our knowledge of the histological organization of blood vessels has steadily increased. However, the endothelium, which for a long time was considered to be just an inert barrier lining, had been barely explored until three decades ago. Since then, there has been an upsurge of interest in the fine structure and function of endothelial cells. Intense in vivo and in vitro investigations have revealed that the endothelial cell is a key element in a wide variety of normal activities and diseases. A large number of investigators and laboratories have been attracted to endothelial cell research, thus supporting the expansion of the continuously grow ing and diversifying field of endotheliology. The number of articles published annually on this subject has increased from a few score at the beginning of the 1970s to more than a thousand in recent years, and an increasing number of journals, books, societies, and symposia focused primarily on the vascular en dothelium have marked the last decade."

Spis treści

I. Structure-Function Correlations in Endothelial Cells.- 1. The Microvascular Endothelium Revisited.- I. Well-Established Knowledge.- II. New Information.- III. Controversies.- IV. New Developments.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2. Ultrastructural Studies of Capillary Endothelium: Compartmental Tracing, High-Voltage Electron Microscopy, afid Cryofixation.- I. Introduction.- II. Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Capillary Wall.- III. Fixation of Capillary Endothelium for Electron Microscopy.- IV. Structure-Function Relationships in the Capillary Wall.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- II. Transport Functions of Endothelial Cells.- 3. Transport Pathways and Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. The “Pore” Theory of Capillary Permeability.- III. Morphologically Identified Transport Pathways.- IV. A Pathophysiological Transport Pathway.- V. Relation of Endothelial Structure to Its Transport Function.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4. Receptor-Mediated Trariscytosis of Plasma Molecules by Vascular Endothelium.- I. Introduction.- II. Endothelial Cell Regulation of Vascular Permeability.- III. Molecular Interactions at Plasma-Endothelial Interface.- IV. Sorting of Molecules: Endocytosis and Transcytosis.- V. Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis.- VI. Endothelial Cells of Continuous Capillaries Express Albumin Binding Proteins.- Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis Is a Basic Process Shared by Most Epithelia.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Studies of Pulmonary Endothelial Permeability Using Tritiated Dextrans.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Methods.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- III. Endothelial Cell Growth and Differentiation.- 6. Endothelial Morphogenesis.- I. Developmental Biology of the Endothelium.- II. Endothelial Replication in Vivo.- III. Inhibition of Endothelial Replication by Cell-Cell Interaction.- IV. Cell-Cell and Cell-Substrate Adhesion Molecules.- V. Morphogenic Control of Growth: A Hypothesis.- References.- IV. Endothelial Cytoskeleton and Matrix and Their Interactions.- 7. The Endothelial Junction: The Plaque and Its Components.- I. Introduction.- II. Electron Microscopy of Endothelial Junctions.- III. Characterization of Junctions by Marker Proteins.- IV. Immunolocalization of Cytoskeletal Proteins in Endothelial Cells.- V. Structure-Bound and Soluble Forms of Junction Plaque Proteins.- VI. The Endothelial Junction as a Zonula Adhaerens: Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 8. Endothelial Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions: Matrix as a Modulator of Cell Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Endothelial Cell-Subendothelial Matrix Interactions: In Vivo Considerations.- III.Endothelial Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions: In Vitro Considerations.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- References.- V. Endothelial Cell Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Activities.- 9. Assembly and Function of the Protein C Anticoagulant Pathway on Endothelium.- I. Introduction.- II. Protein C-Structural Domains.- III. Expression of Protein C-Anticoagulant Activity.- IV. Discovery of TM.- V. Comparison of Purified TM with the Endothelial Cell Surface.- VI. Influence of TM on Thrombin Specificity.- VII. Variation of TM Properties between Cell Lines.- VIII. Expression of Activated Protein C Anticoagulant Activity.- IX. Regulation of Endothelial Cell TM Activity during Inflammatory Responses.- X. Review of the Protein C System in Thrombotic Disease.- XI. Perspectives.- XII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Anticoagulantly Active Heparinlike Molecules.- I. Introduction.- II. Heparin-Antithrombin Interaction.- III. Structure-Function Relationship between Heparin and Antithrombin.- IV. Vascular Tissue Heparan Sulfate.- V. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans from Endothelial Cells.- VI. Physiological Role of Proteoheparan Sulfate.- References.- 11. The Fibrinolytic System of Cultured Endothelial Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Fibrinolytic System of Cultured Endothelial Cells.- III. Discussion.- References.- VI. Endothelial Cell Procoagulant Activity.- 12. Vascular Endothelium: Functional Modulation at the Blood Interface.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Procedures.- III. Results and Discussion.- IV. Perspectives.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13. Endothelium and the Regulation of Coagulation.- I. Introduction.- II. A Procoagulant Pathway on the Endothelial Cell Surface.- III.Consequences of the Generation of Procoagulant Enzymes in Close Proximity to the Endothelial Cell Surface.- IV. Integration of the Endothelial Cell Procoagulant Pathway and Anticoagulant Mechanisms.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- VII. Endothelial Cell Response to Stress Factors.- 14. Heat-Shock Response as a Possible Model for (Patho)physiological Stress in Endothelial Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- III. Results and Discussion.- IV. Perspectives.- References.- 15. Endothelial Activation: Its Role in Inflammatory and Immune Reactions.- I. Actions of Specific Cytokines on Endothelial Cells in Culture.- II. . Endothelial Activation in Vivo.- References.- 16. Intimal Responses to Shear Stress, Hypercholesterolemia, and Hypertension: Studies in the Rat Aorta.- I. . The Rat Aorta as an Experimental System.- II. Intimal Changes Related to Flow Disturbances: Effects of Acute and Chronic Stenosis.- III. Intimal Changes in Hypercholesterolemia: The “Inflammatory Theory” of Atherosclerosis.- IV. Shear Stress and Lipid Deposition: A Study Based on Aortic Stenosis.- V. Intimal Changes in Hypertension.- VI. Perspectives.- References.- VIII. Endothelial Cell in Atherogenesis.- 17. Endothelial Injury and Atherosclerosis.- I. Introduction.- II. Response to Injury Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis.- III. Cellular Interactions during Hypercholesterolemia.- IV. Blood Cells, Arterial Cells, and Growth Factor Formation.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 18. Prelesional Changes of Arterial Endothelium in Hyperlipoproteinemic Atherogenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Modeling of Experimental Hypercholesterolemia.- III. Lesional Stages Considered.- IV. Transport of Lipoproteins by the Normal Artery Wall.- V. Transport and Accumulation of (3-VLDL in the Artery Wall of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits.- VI. Extracellular Accumulation of Lipoprotein-Derived Components.- VII. Changes in the Surface Charge and Chemistry of Arterial Endothelium and Monocytes.- VIII. Endothelial Modifications in the Early Stages of Atherogenesis.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 19. Response of Blood Vessel Cells to Viral Infection.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Procedures.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- References.