Emissions of Atmospheric Trace Compounds

ISBN-13: 9781402021664 / Angielski / Twarda / 2004 / 560 str.

Clare Granier; Paulo Artaxo; Claire E. Reeves

Opis

The mathematical modelling of the transport and transformation of trace species in the atmosphere is one of the scientific tools currently used to assess atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and climatic conditions. From the scientific but also from the management perspectives accurate inventories of emissions of the trace species at the appropriate spatial, temporal, and species resolution are required. The chapter has discussed bottom-up methodologies to estimate global and regional emISSIOns. These methodologies are based on activity data, emission factors (amount of emissions per unit activity), and for some inventories additional parameters (such as sulphur content of fuels). To compile regional and global inventories researchers can either bring together estimates made at the national or sub-national level by national experts or directly estimate emissions based on activity rates from reports compiled by multi-national organizations such as the United Nations and the International Energy agency and on emission factors and other information available in the literature. In all cases the data used must be checked for transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness and accuracy. These emissions estimates must now be given finer spatial (usually gridded), temporal, and for some inventories species resolution. The location of major stationary sources (power plants, industrial complexes) is usually known, so the emissions can be directly assigned to the appropriate grid cell.

Spis treści

Table of Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgements Atmospheric Composition and Surface Exchanges; Guy P. Brasseur, Will Steffen and Claire Granier Compilation of Regional to Global Inventories of Anthroprogenic Emissions; Carmen M Benkovitz, Hajime Akimoto, James J. Corbett, J. David Mobley, Toshimasa Ohara, Jos G. J. Olivier, John A. van Aardenne and Vigidis Vestreng Deriving Global Quantitative Estimates for Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Biomass Burning Emissions; Catherine Liousse, Meinrat O. Andreae, Paulo Artaxo, Paulo Barbose, Hélène Cachier, Jean-Marie Grégoire, Peter Hobbs, David Lavoué, Florent Mouillot, Joyce Penner, Mary Scholes and Martin Schultz Global Organic Emissions from Vegetation; Christine Wiedinmyer, Alex Guenther, Peter Harley, Nick Hewitt, Chris Geron, Paulo Artaxo, Rainer Steinbrecher and Rei Rasmussen Nitrogen Emissions from Soils; Laurens Ganzeveld, Changsheng Li, Laura Cárdenas, Jane Hawkins and Grant Kirkman Global Emissions of Mineral Aerosol: Formulation and Validation Using Satellite Imagery; Yves Balkanski, Michael Schulz, Tanguy Claquin, Cyril Moulin and Paul Ginoux Emissions from Volancoes; Christiane Textor, Hans-F. Graf, Claudia Timmreck and Alan Robock A Satellite-based Method for Estimating Global Oceanic DMS and its Application in a 3-D Atmospheric GCM; Sauveur Belviso, Cyril Moulin, Laurent Bopp, Emmanuel Cosme, Elaine Chapmand and Kazushi Aranami Sea-sal Aerosol Source Functions and Emissions; Michael Schulz, Gerrit de Leeuw and Yves Balkanski Use of Isotopes; Valerie Gros, Carl A. M. Brenninkneijer, Patrick Jöckel, Jan Kaiser, Dave Lowry, Euan G. Nisbet, Phillip O’Brien, Thomas Röckmann and Nicola Warwick Determination of Emissions from Observations of Atmospheric Compounds; Claire E. Reeves, Derek M. Cunnold, Richard G. Derwent, Edward Dlugodencky, Sandrine Edouard,Clarie Granier, Richard Ménard, Paul Novelli and David Parrish Data Assimilation and Inverse Methods; Richard Ménard, Sandrine Edourd, Sander Houweling, Gabrielle Pétron, Claire Granier and Claire Reeves List of Acronyms List of Chemical Species Index Colour Plates Copyright Acknowledgements