1: Elite and Class Perspectives on Social Change and Transformation; 1: Introduction: The Elite and Class Paradigms; 2: Theoretical Approaches to Transformation and Social Change; 3: Elite and Class Paradigms of Transformation; 2: The Transformative Role of Political Elites; 4: The Changing Social Bases of Political Support; 5: Transforming Elites under Gorbachev and Eltsin: A “Reputational” Analysis; 6: Who “Made” the Gorbachev Elite’s Decisions?; 7: Political Elites under Eltsin and Gorbachev; 8: Conclusions; 3: Outcomes of Transformation; 9: The Formation of Russian Capitalism; 10: Popular Support for, and Opposition to, Reform; 11: The Place of the Socialist and Post-Socialist States in the Capitalist World System