Electron Microscopy of the Kidney: In Renal Disease and Hypertension: A Clinicopathological Approach

ISBN-13: 9781475717013 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 452 str.

Ed. Anil K. Mandal

Opis

In one golden age of medicine epitomized by William Osler, the physician also aspired to mastery of gross and microscopic pathologic anatomy. Now another such age has dawned in which ultrastructure and immunopathology provide insights into mysterious diseases of the kidney, connective tissues, joints, and muscles, among other sites. Dr. Anil K. MandaI has a background in clinical nephrology, experimental pathology, and diagnostic pathology of renal diseases that suits him well for his chosen task. This is to explain clearly the clinicopathologic entities seen by nephrologists, using the full range of available morphologic techniques. His ap- proach is brisk and incisive. To read his monograph as a pathologist is to make oneself a better clinician, and as a physician is to improve one's grasp of pa- thology. Such correlative knowledge seems at present the means most likely to lead to the ultimate control of some crippling chronic renal diseases. Sheldon C. Sommers, M.D.

Spis treści

1 Microscopy for the Practicing Physician.- History of Microscopy.- Types of Microscopy.- Electron Microscopy.- Summary.- References.- 2 Renal Biopsy.- 1 Indications, Contraindications, Techniques, and Complications · Justification for Studies of Live Renal Tissues · Ethics and Indications for Serial Renal Biopsies.- Indications and Contraindications of Renal Biopsy.- Indications of Single Biopsies.- Contraindications.- Complications and Significance.- Pitfalls of Percutaneous (Closed) Biopsies.- Techniques of Percutaneous Biopsies.- Comparison between Open and Percutaneous (Closed) Renal Biopsies.- Clinical Justifications for the Complete Morphological Studies of Renal Biopsies.- Ethics and Indications for Serial Renal Biopsies.- 2 Methods of Fixation, Processing, and Study.- Silver Impregnation (PAMS or PAS) Technique.- Silver Tetraphenylporphyrin Sulfonate Staining Technique.- Values of Special EM Staining Techniques.- Summary.- References.- 3 Clinical Assessment of the Etiology and the Pathological Activity of Glomerulonephritis.- Assessment of the Etiological Factors Relative to Glomerulonephritis.- Patient History.- Clinical Laboratory Tests.- Summary.- References.- 4 Glomerulonephritis: Pathogenesis and Classification.- Definition.- Pathogenesis.- Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury.- Other Mechanisms of Glomerulonephritis.- Classification of Glomerulonephritis.- Prevalent Classification.- Merits and Pitfalls of All Classifications of Glomerulonephritis.- Perspectives of Glomerulonephritis.- Criticism of Current Histological Classification.- Chronic Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.- 5 Electron Microscopy of Normal Kidney.- Glomerulus.- Tubules.- Arterial Vessels.- Interstitium.- Summary.- References.- 6 Anatomic Pathology of Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse (Generalized) Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Diffuse Endocapillary Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Uncommon Types of Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Assessments of the Activities of the Pathological Process in Endocapillary Proliferative GN (Clinicopathological Correlation).- Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Penicillamine-Induced Glomerulonephritis.- Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- Focal Glomerular Sclerosis.- Viral Infections and Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.- 7 Anatomic Pathology of the Kidney in Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinicopathological Abridgement.- Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.- Idiopathic Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome and Renal Lesions Produced by Drugs and Hypersensitivity Reactions.- Renal Vein Thrombosis versus Membranous Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia.- Nephrotic Syndrome in Acquired Syphilis.- Nephrotic Syndrome in Congenital Syphilis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Caused by Malarial Glomerulonephritis.- Nephrotic Syndrome Associated with Neoplastic Diseases.- Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome.- Renal Amyloidosis and Nephrotic Syndrome.- Renal Involvement in Diabetes Mellitus.- Rare Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome.- Summary.- References.- 8 Pathology of the Kidney in Profiling Acute Renal Failure (Acute Uremia).- Definition.- Steps for the Complete Medical Care of Acute Uremia.- Acute Glomerular Diseases.- Mechanism of Oliguria in Acute Glomerulonephritis.- Acute Renal Tubular Lesions.- Experimental Models of Acute Renal Failure.- Evolution of Histological Repair in Acute Tubular Necrosis.- Acute Interstitial Nephritis.- Acute Renal Failure Associated with Lesions of the Small Vessels of the Kidneys.- Other Causes of Acute Renal Failure.- Acute Renal Failure Caused by Bilateral Renal Vein Thrombosis.- Renal Papillary Necrosis.- How Renal Biopsy Study Modifies the Course and Management in Acute Renal Failure.- Summary.- References.- 9 Pathology of the Kidney in Essential (Spontaneous) Hypertension.- 1 Cause and Effect Relationship between Renal Lesions and Hypertensions.- Hypertensive Renal Lesions.- Experimental Study.- Rationale of Studies of Hypertensive Animals.- Relationship between Renal Lesions and Hypertension.- Mechanisms of Renal Lesions: Hypotheses.- Relationship between Pathology and Functional Failure of the Kidney.- Summary.- 2 A Perspective of the Antihypertensive Function of Renal Medullary and Papillary Interstitial Cell and Granule.- Background.- Anatomy of the Interstitial Cells and Granules.- Physiological Function of Interstitial Cells and Granules.- Relationship of Renal Medullary and Papillary Interstitial Cells to Hypertension.- Mechanism(s) of the Reduction of Interstitial Cells and Granules in the Kidneys of Hypertensive Rats.- Significance of the Studies of Renal Papillary Interstitial Cells in Rats.- Critical Questions Relative to Renal Medullary Vasodepressor Substance and Its Source.- Summary.- References.- 10 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- Etiology.- Perspectives of Chronic Pyelonephritis from the Standpoint of Clinical Practice.- Unresolved Questions.- Summary.- References.- 11 Syndrome of Microscopic Hematuria, Asymptomatic Proteinuria, and “Focal Glomerulonephritis”.- Perspectives of Proteinuria and Hematuria.- Mesangiopathic Glomerulonephritis.- Other Types of Renal Pathology, Clinical Profiles, and Course of the Hematuria and Asymptomatic Proteinuria Syndrome in Our Series.- Nondiagnostic Ultrastructural Studies.- Early Stage of Hereditary Nephritis.- Summary.- References.- 12 Accomplishments of Electron Microscopy Study in the Practice of Nephrology.- 1 Studies of Glomeruli and Tubules in Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases.- Detailed Analysis of Accomplishments.- Analysis of Value.- Examples of Disparate Diagnosis.- Value of EM Study.- Summary.- 2 Studies of Arterial Vessels in Essential Hypertension and Glomerular Diseases.- Essential Hypertension.- Ultrastructural Analysis of Renal Arteriolopathies in Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases.- Summary.- References.- 13 Principles of Management Pertaining to Renal Pathology.- The Nephrotic Syndromes.- Glomerulonephritis.- Summary.- References.