Electromagnetic Compatibility in Medical Equipment: A Guide for Designers and Installers

ISBN-13: 9780935184808 / Angielski / Twarda / 1995 / 302 str.

William D. Kimmel;Daryl Gerke

Opis

Co-published with the IEEE Press, this book is a practical, hands-on guide to EMC issues for medical device designers and installers. It addresses electromagnetic interference and covers the basics of EMC design, physics, and installation, minimizing theory and concentrating upon the correct way to ground and shield. Covering EMC from the inside out, the book provides the basics of electronics, discusses and evaluates problems and common causes, and explores effective remedial techniques at three levels: circuit, box, and interconnect. It contains appendices that provide important reference material such as constants and conversion factors.

Spis treści

INTRODUCTION
What are the Threats?
Sources, Paths, and Receptors
Summary

EMI STANDARDS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES
Emissions vs Immunity
The EU and the U.S.
The EU
U.S. Requirements
Summary

THE PHYSICS OF EMI
Source-Path-Receptor
The Nature of Interference
Interference is a Current
FAT-ID
Summary

COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
Passive Components
Transient Devices
Active Components
EMI Filter Design
Summary

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGN
Signal Integrity vs EMI
EMI Issues in Printed Circuit Boards
Digital Circuits
Analog Circuits
Where Analog Meets Digital
PCB Partitioning and Critical Circuits
PCB Construction
Multilayer Board Stackup
Isolated Planes
Two-Layer Board Techniques
Power Decoupling
Signal Traces
I/O Techniques
Board Shielding
Software
Summary

GROUNDING FOR EMI CONTROL
What is a Ground?
Different Types of Grounds
Microshock Hazards - A Special Medical Grounding Concern
What Makes a Good Ground?
Ground Topologies
Bonding Considerations
Grounding Design and Guidelines
Summary

POWER AND POWER FILTERING
Power Supplies
Switching Topologies
Interference in Power Supplies
Controlling Interference Generation
Immunity Protection
Filters
Summary

INTERCONNECT AND MOUNTING
Cables as Transmission Lines
Common Mode and Differential Mode on Cables
Cable Layout and Pinouts
Signal Bandwidth
Routing Your Cable
Designing an Enclosure
Summary

SHIELDING AND SHIELDING MATERIALS
The Physics of Shielding
Estimating the Impedance of a Source
Shielding Requirements
Shielding Materials
Where Shielding Fails
Gasketing
Perforations and Screens
Cable Penetrations
Grounding the Shield
How Much Shielding is Needed?
Partial Shields
Local Shields
Summary

CABLES AND CONNECTIONS
Cables as Antennas
Common Mode vs Differential Mode
Bandwidth
Classifying Cables
Cable Shielding and Connectors
Cable Terminations
Cable Design Recommendations
Summary

SPECIAL EMI PROBLEMS IN MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
High Energy Interference Sources
Electromechanical Devices
Radio Sources
Receiving Devices
Leakage Current Limitations
Coping with Internal Threats
Coping with External Threats
Summary

SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS
Identifying EMI Threats at the Site
Site Preparation
Maintaining Shielding Effectiveness
Troubleshooting in the Field
When System Fixes Will Not Work
Summary

Glossary
Appendix A: References for EMC Publications
Appendix B: Properties of Common Materials
Appendix C: Constants and Conversions
Appendix D: Miscellaneous Conversions

O autorze

Kimmel\, William D.; Gerke\, Daryl