ISBN-13: 9781119768944 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 480 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119768944 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 480 str.
Foreword xiiiPreface xv1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Electrical Power Supply 11.3 Classification of Voltages or Voltage Bands 21.4 Standards Agencies 21.5 Electrical Standards 121.6 Abbreviations 151.7 Constants 191.8 Types of Maintenance 191.9 Useful Life of Equipment 222 Transformers 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Types of Transformers 272.3 Transformer on No Load 272.4 Transformer on Load 282.5 Total Equivalent Circuit of Transformer (Referred to Primary Side) 292.6 Losses in a Transformer 292.7 Efficiency of Transformer 302.8 Parallel Operation of Transformers 312.9 Rating Plate of Transformer 322.10 Information to Be Given to Purchase a Transformer 492.11 Tests on Transformer 522.12 Maintenance of Transformers 542.13 Troubleshooting Chart for Transformers 652.14 Latest Trends Opportunities in Transformer Technology 653 Generators 733.1 Introduction 733.2 Alternator 733.3 Field Poles 743.4 Construction of Field Poles 743.5 EMF Equation of Alternator 753.6 Capability Curve 763.7 Design of Alternator 803.8 Rating Plates 803.9 Voltage Regulation of Synchronous Generator 853.10 Excitation 863.11 Connections 873.12 Neutral Grounding 883.13 Cooling 883.14 Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR) 893.15 Pitch Factor (Kp) or Chording Factor (Kc) 903.16 Distribution Factor (Kd) 913.17 Leakage Reactance (Xl) 923.18 Armature Reaction 923.19 Operation of Generator When Connected to an Infinite Bus 933.20 Load Sharing of Grid-Connected Alternator 943.21 Typical Values of Various Reactances and Time-Constants 943.22 Load Characteristics of Alternators 943.23 Salient Pole Machine with Two Reaction Theory 973.24 Hunting 983.25 Stability and Swing Equation 983.26 Prime-Mover Rating Plates 993.27 Effect of Unbalanced Loads and External Faults 1003.28 Voltage Regulators 1013.29 Parallel Operation of Alternators Under Different Conditions 1013.30 Induction Generator 1033.31 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 1053.32 Latest Trends in TG Technology 1053.33 Maintenance 1073.34 Fault Finding 1073.35 Generator Failure Modes 1073.36 Tests on a Turbo-Generator 1073.37 Tests on Engine-Driven Generator 1103.38 Gaps and Research Opportunities 1114 Induction Motors 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Comparison Between Various Types of Motors 1134.3 Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor 1144.4 Construction of SCIM 1154.5 Equivalent Circuit of SCIM 1184.6 Torque-Speed Curve of SCIM 1194.7 T-S Curve for SRIM 1214.8 Torque-Speed Curve of Single-Phase Motor (Split Phase) 1224.9 Name Plate or Rating Plate of SCIM 1224.10 Power Stages of Induction Motor 1404.11 Abnormal Conditions 1404.12 Starting of Induction Motors 1434.13 Speed Control of Induction Motors 1434.14 Deep Cage Induction Motor 1434.15 Double Cage SCIM 1454.16 Selection of Motor Power for an Application 1464.17 Design of Induction Motors 1464.18 Characteristics of Loads 1494.19 Circle Diagram 1494.20 Alignment of Motor with Driven Equipment 1524.21 Shaft and Bearing Currents in Large Motors 1534.22 Special Motors for Hazardous/Explosive Areas 1544.23 Identification of 3-Phase Winding Leads 1554.24 Tests on Induction Motor 1564.25 Maintenance 1584.26 Trouble-Shooting 1704.27 Heating and Cooling Curves of Induction Motor 1704.28 Smart Motors 1784.29 Single-Phase Induction Motors 1794.30 Information to Be Given to Purchase a 3-Phase Induction Motor 1814.31 Protection Against Faults 1834.32 Motors for Electrical Vehicles 1834.33 Future Scope 1845 Circuit Breakers and Contactors 1855.1 Introduction 1855.2 Arcing Phenomenon 1855.3 Types of Circuit Breakers 1865.4 AC and DC CBs 1865.5 DCCB 1865.6 CB Contacts 1895.7 Selection of CB 1895.8 Operation of CBs 1925.9 Name Plate of CBs 1995.10 Tests on CB 2035.11 Information to Be Given to Purchase a CB 2045.12 Maintenance of CB 2055.13 Contactors 2075.14 MCB, MCCB and RCCB 2156 Protection and Measurement Systems 2256.1 Introduction 2256.2 Desirable Characteristics of Protective Device 2256.3 Current Transformer 2266.4 Voltage Transformer 2426.5 Measuring Instruments 2496.6 Multi-Function Meter 2536.7 Desirable Characteristics of Meters 2536.8 Meter Symbols and Codes 2546.9 AVO or Multimeter 2546.10 Meter Calibration Reports 2557 Earthing and Lightning 2577.1 Earthing 2577.2 Earthing, Grounding and Bonding 2577.3 System Neutral Grounding 2597.4 LV Neutral Earthing 2607.5 Types of Earth Electrodes 2647.6 Measurement of Earth Resistance 2647.7 General Guidelines on Earthing 2697.8 Lightning Arrester 2697.9 Protection Against Lightning 2697.10 Definitions 2717.11 Name Plate of LA 2737.12 Protective Devices Against Lightning Surges 2747.13 Surge Protective Device (SPD) 2747.14 Lightning Conductor Size 2777.15 Inspection and Maintenance of Lightning Protection System 2777.16 Testing of LA 2788 Fuses 2818.1 Introduction 2818.2 Terms Used in the Fuse Field 2818.3 Cut-Off Characteristic of Fuse 2828.4 Fuse Law (Prece's Law) 2838.5 Types of Fuses 2848.6 Application Categories and TCC of Fuses 2888.7 Discrimination between an Over Current Relay and Fuse 2898.8 Semi-Conductor Fuse 2908.9 Examples of Selection of Fuse 2918.10 Symbols of Fuse Letter Code 2938.11 Desirable Characteristics of Fuse 2938.12 Tests Recommended on Fuses 2948.13 Market Models of Fuses 2949 Protective Relays 3019.1 Introduction 3019.2 Terms Used in Relaying 3019.3 Types of Protection 3029.4 Types of Relays 3029.5 Relay Block Diagrams of Three Generations 3049.6 IDMT Relay Calculations 3059.7 Inverse - Time Over-Current Relays 3069.8 Comparison between Three Generation Relays 3089.9 Thermal Overload Relays 3089.10 Protections of Various Electrical Equipment 3109.11 Relay Settings 3129.12 Protection System Failure Modes 3139.13 Maintenance of Relays 3159.14 Field Testing 3159.15 Relay Co-Ordination 3179.16 Protective Device Numbers 3239.17 Challenges and Opportunities 32310 Cables and Overhead Conductors 32910.1 Introduction 32910.2 Conducting Materials 32910.3 Cable Insulating Material 33010.4 Construction of Cables 33010.5 Overhead Conductor versus Cable 33210.6 Comparison between PVC and XLPE Cables 33210.7 De-Rating Factors 33310.8 Special Cables 33310.9 FRLS Cable Properties 33510.10 Methods of Cable Laying 33610.11 Identification Codes of Cables 33610.12 Selection of Cable 33710.13 Rule of Thumb for Industrial Work 33810.14 Fault Location Methods 33910.15 Maintenance on Cables 34010.16 Cable Jointing 34110.17 Tests on PVC Cables 34110.18 Tests on XLPE Cables 34310.19 Overhead Lines 34510.20 FACTS 34711 Solar Photovoltaics 35311.1 Introduction 35311.2 Solar Energy 35311.3 Forms of Energy Resources 35411.4 Solar Spectrum 35411.5 Solar Energy Fundamentals 35711.6 I-V and P-V Curves 36211.7 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants 36311.8 Modelling of PV Modules 36511.9 Performance Indicators 36611.10 Maximum Power Point Tracking 36811.11 Rating Plates of SPP 36911.12 Opportunities and Future Scope 36912 Storage Batteries 37512.1 Introduction 37512.2 Faraday's Law of Electrolysis 37512.3 Types of Batteries 37612.4 Dry Cell 37612.5 Technical Terms 37912.6 Secondary Batteries 38112.7 Lead - Acid Battery 38312.8 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 39112.9 Lithium Batteries 39312.10 Latest Trends in Energy Storage Field 39512.11 Maintenance 39712.12 Some Other Notable Points on Battery 39912.13 Batteries for Electric Vehicles 40012.14 Smart Battery 40212.15 Future Outlook 40213 Computer Aided Studies in Power Systems (CASiPS) 40513.1 Introduction 40513.2 E-TAP 40613.3 EDSA 40813.4 PV Syst 40913.5 Power Factory 41013.6 Matlab-Simulink 41214 Lighting 41314.1 Introduction 41314.2 Definitions 41414.3 Type of Lighting Technologies 41914.4 Estimation of Illumination 41914.5 Recommended Illumination Levels 42114.6 Lamps Rating Plate 42114.7 Fluorescent Lamp Colour Temperatures 43015 Electrical Safety 43915.1 Introduction 43915.2 Hazards and Effects of Electric Current 43915.3 Electric Shock 44015.4 Permit to Work System and Qualification and Training 44215.5 Personnel Protective Equipment and Devices 446Index 449
B. Koti Reddy is a scientific officer in the Department of Atomic Energy in India. His more than 30 years of experience in electrical power systems includes selection, procurement, commissioning, operation, and maintenance with various HV and LV switchgears, machines, drives, solar photovoltaics, electric vehicles, batteries, cables, measuring instruments, and protective relays. His work includes power system analysis with software tools such as E-Tap, PVSyst, Matlab and Homer Pro. He is a member of IEEE, ISTE, IAE and a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers(India).
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