Electric Distribution Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119509318 / Angielski / Twarda / 2018 / 624 str.

Abdelhay A. Sallam; Om P. Malik

Spis treści

Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiPart I Fundamental ConceptsChapter 1 Introduction 31.1 Introduction and Background 31.2 Power System Structure 31.3 Distribution Level 51.4 General 7Chapter 2 Distribution System Structure 92.1 Distribution Voltage Levels 92.2 Distribution System Configuration 92.3 General Comments 22Chapter 3 Distribution System Planning 233.1 Duties of Distribution System Planners 233.2 Factors Affecting the Planning Process 253.3 Planning Objectives 313.4 Solutions for Meeting Load Forecasts 37Chapter 4 Load Forecasting 414.1 Introduction 414.2 Important Factors for Forecasts 424.3 Forecasting Methodology 434.4 Spatial Load Forecasting (SLF) 564.5 End-Use Modeling 644.6 Spatial Load Forecast Methods 65Part II Protection And SwitchgearChapter 5 Earthing Of Electric Distribution Systems 755.1 Basic Objectives 755.2 Earthing Electrical Equipment 765.3 System Earthing 935.4 MV Earthing Systems 995.5 Earthing Systems in LV Distribution Networks 104Chapter 6 Short-Circuit Studies 1116.1 Introduction 1116.2 Short-Circuit Analysis 113Chapter 7 Protection: Current-Based Schemes 1637.1 Introduction 1637.2 Types of Relay Construction 1667.3 Overcurrent Protection 1717.4 Directional Protection 1877.5 Differential Protection 193Chapter 8 Protection: Other Schemes 2078.1 Overvoltage Protection 2078.2 Thermal Protection 2208.3 Reclosers, Sectionalizers, Fuses 223Chapter 9 Switchgear Devices 2359.1 Need for Switchgear 2359.2 MV Switchgear Devices 2379.3 LV Switchgear Devices 2449.4 Protection Classes 2509.5 Specifications and Implementation of Earthing 2519.6 Assessment of Switchgear 2539.7 Safety and Security of Installations 2559.8 Application Trends in MV Switchgear 256Chapter 10 Switchgear Installation 26110.1 Steps for Installing Switchgear 26110.2 Switchgear Layout 26210.3 Dimensioning of Switchgear Installations 26410.4 Civil Construction Requirements 27510.5 ARC-Flash Hazards 282Part III Power QualityChapter 11 Electric Power Quality 29711.1 Overview 29711.2 Power Quality Problems 29811.3 Cost of Power Quality 30411.4 Solutions of Power Quality Problems 31011.5 Solution Cycle for Power Quality Problems 317Chapter 12 Voltage Variations 32112.1 Voltage Quality 32112.2 Methods of Voltage Drop Reduction 32912.3 Voltage Sag Calculations 34512.4 Estimation of Distribution Losses 356Chapter 13 Power Factor Improvement 36113.1 Background 36113.2 Shunt Compensation 36513.3 Need for Shunt Compensation 36613.4 An Example 36813.5 How to Determine Compensation 370Chapter 14 Harmonics in Electric Distribution Systems 37914.1 What Are Harmonics? 37914.2 Sources of Harmonics 38414.3 Disturbances Caused by Harmonics 39114.4 Principles of Harmonic Distortion Indications and Measurement 39614.5 Frequency Spectrum and Harmonic Content 39814.6 Standards and Recommendations 400Chapter 15 Harmonics Effect Mitigation 40315.1 Introduction 40315.2 First Class of Solutions 40315.3 Second Class of Solutions 40415.4 Third Class of Solutions 40615.5 Selection Criteria 40915.6 Case Studies 409Part IV Management And AutomationChapter 16 Demand-Side Management And Energy Efficiency 43116.1 Overview 43116.2 DSM 43216.3 Needs to Apply DSM 43316.4 Means of DSM Programs 43416.5 International Experience with DSM 43716.6 Potential for DSM Application 43816.7 The DSM Planning Process 43916.8 Expected Benefits of Managing Demand 44416.9 Energy Efficiency 44416.10 Scenarios Used for Energy-Efficiency Application 44516.11 Economic Benefits of Energy Efficiency 44516.12 Application of Efficient Technology 445Chapter 17 SCADA Systems 46517.1 Introduction 46517.2 Definitions 46917.3 SCADA Components 47017.4 SCADA Systems Architectures 47317.5 SCADA Applications 48017.6 SCADA and Grid Modernization 484Part V Distributed Energy Resources And MicrogridsChapter 18 Distributed Generation 48918.1 Power Systems and Distributed Generation 48918.2 Performance of Distributed Generators 49318.3 Case Study 518Chapter 19 Electrical Energy Storage 53519.1 Introduction 53519.2 Electrical Energy Storage 53519.3 Role of Electrical Energy Storage 53819.4 Types of EES Systems 54019.5 Energy Storage Application 550Chapter 20 Microgrids And Smart Grids 55320.1 Background 55320.2 MG Benefits 55520.3 MG Operation 55620.4 Challenges 55620.5 Handling the Challenges 55720.6 Control Methodology 55820.7 Case Study 56020.8 Protection for MGs 57020.9 Concluding Remarks on MGs 57220.10 Smart Grids 572Appendix A Data Of Microgrid Components 581Appendix B Matlab Simulink Models 583References 589Index 601

O autorze

ABDELHAY A. SALLAM, PhD, is a life senior member of the IEEE and Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the Port Said University, Egypt. Sallam and Malik coauthored the Wiley-IEEE Press book entitled Electric Distribution Systems.OM P.??MALIK, PhD, is a Life Fellow of IEEE, and a Fellow of IET, the Engineering Institute of Canada, Canadian Academy of Engineering, Engineers Canada and World Innovation Foundation. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Provinces of Alberta and Ontario, Canada.