Economics of Renewable Energy: An Assessment of Innovations with Statistical Data

ISBN-13: 9783030908034 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022

Yoram Krozer

Opis

The book provides a comprehensive review of renewable energy from an economic perspective throughout the last two hundred years, starting from traditional renewable energy based on bio and hydro energy. The focus is on modern renewable energy based on geothermal, wind, and solar energy. It emerged when innovative entrepreneurs captured opportunities for valuable energy services. As the services with renewable energy expanded, the costs of technologies decreased entailing global commercialisation. This enables larger access to energy and emission reduction of carbon dioxide, but also causes larger differences in the energy resources across countries which impedes international policies. That optimistic viewpoint on the shift to the global low-carbon economy is largely based on statistical data about purchasing power, energy consumption and businesses, and valuable energy services in many countries on all continents. The data are presented in 70 tables, graphs, and figures, most of them original. Interpretation of the data are useful in support of decisions making about sustainable development in civil society, businesses, and policy makers as well as for the verifications of scholarly hypotheses and projections in energy and climate policies.

Spis treści

Preface. 4

Introduction. 6

1.1 Aims and scope. 6

1.2 Innovation perspective. 10

1.3 Data and method. 18

1.4 Chapters and sections. 28

Energy Resources and Pollution. 30

2.1 Introduction. 30

2.2 Renewable energy resources. 32

2.3 Fossil fuel resources. 36

2.4 Shifts in energy resources. 38

2.5 Growing pollution. 47

2.6 Conclusions. 53

Changing energy economies. 55

3.1 Introduction. 55

3.2 Income and energy growth. 57

3.3 Energy prices and consumption. 64

3.4 Energy-efficient technologies. 68

3.5 Valuable energy services. 74

3.6 Conclusions. 81

Inventions in Renewable Energy. 83

4.1 Introduction. 83

4.2 Lead-time in energy technologies. 85

4.3 Business interests in innovations. 101

4.4 Chances for innovations. 108

4.5 Financing innovations. 113

4.6 Conclusions. 117

Innovating in renewable energy. 119

5.1 Introduction. 119

5.2 Prices and modern renewable energy. 120

5.3 Energy subsidies. 124

5.4 Support for renewable energy. 129

5.5 Stakeholders in renewable energy. 133

5.6 Start-ups and Employment 137

5.7 Types of decision-making. 139

5.8 Social acceptance and benefits. 143

5.9 Cost-reducing change. 145

5.10 Conclusions. 151

Diffusion of renewable energy. 154

6.1 Introduction. 154

6.2 Decarbonisation trends. 155

6.3 Hydrogen for the decarbonisation. 158

6.4 Distributed energy systems. 164

6.5 Value-added energy services. 169

6.6 Global valorisation. 172

6.7 Conclusion. 176

For a fair, clean energy. 178

7.1 Context 178

7.2 Resources and lower pollution. 179

7.3 Increasing energy performance. 180

7.4 Higher chances for innovations. 182

7.5 Improvements in decision-making. 184

7.6 Enhancing valorisation of energy services. 186

7.6 Summary mechanisms of change. 188

Appendices. 189

Appendix 1 Calculation methods. 189

Appendix 2 Countries income and energy. 193

Appendix 3 Success rates of innovations in EU.. 196

Appendix 4  Checklist possible benefits. 197

Appendix 5 Carbon intensity, performance, efficiency. 199

Appendix 6 Inputs and outputs of hydrogen production. 200

Appendix 7 Indicators of the valorisation. 202

Literature. 204

O autorze

Yoram Krozer (1953) received MsC biology and MA Economics at the University of Utrecht, Business Administration at InHolland, and PhD in Economics at the University of Groningen. After twenty years of work in non-governmental organisations and industries, he joined the University of Twente (UT) as director of the Cartesius Institute, Institute for Sustainable Innovations of the Netherlands Technical University.  Thereafter, he worked as professor sustainable innovations at the UT and directed the Sustainable Innovations Academy (SIA) that supports ethical start-ups. After retirement, he is appointed visiting professor business development in bioresources at the Graz University of Technology (TUD), cooperates with UT and directs the SIA. His work covers products, software, courses, about hundred papers, and several books.