Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere: 3 Temperate and Polar Zonobiomes of Northern Eurasia

ISBN-13: 9783642701627 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 581 str.

Heinrich Walter; Siegmar-W Breckle; Sheila Gruber

Opis

By the end of the last century, the only region in all of Europe where the natural vegetation remained untouched over large expanses was Eastern Europe. Information on the vegetation of this region however, remained mostly unavailable to western scientists although the ecological approach to botanical research originated in Eastern Europe. Heinrich Walter was born in Russia, studied Natural Sciences - with emphasis on botany - in Odessa and is familiar with all relevant Russian literature on ecology. This volume thus offers scientists worldwide a unique and comprehensive survey of all relevant research, including the mostly unknown literature published in Russian.

Spis treści

1: Zonobiome VI: The Temperate Nemoral Zones of Europe.- 1.0 Introduction.- 1.1 Climate.- 1.2 The Soils.- 1.3 The Producers.- 1.3.1 Subzonobiome (oc) with the Atlantic Heath Areas.- 1.3.2 Subzonobiome (eumi) with Central European Vegetation.- 1.3.3 Subzonobiome (miru) of the Deciduous Forests of Eastern Europe..- 1.4 Consumers.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Habitat Diversity and the Importance of Seasonal Change to the Fauna of Deciduous Forests.- 1.4.3 An Ecological Survey of the Forest Fauna.- 1.4.4 Some Aspects of Nutritional Requirements and Related Special Features of the Fauna of Deciduous Forests.- 1.4.5 Summary of the Zooecological Aspects of a Central European Deciduous Forest.- 1.5 The Decomposers.- 1.6 Ecological Investigations and Ecosystem Research.- 1.6.1 Adaption to a Cold Season (Hardening).- 1.6.2 Cold Resistance of the Herbaceous Undergrowth.- 1.6.3 Ecophysiology of Nemoral Tree Species.- 1.6.4 Ecophysiology of the Herbaceous Layer.- 1.6.5 Ecosystems.- 1.7 Subdivision of Zonobiome VI in Europe.- 1.8 Orobiome VI: the Northern Edge of the Alps.- 1.8.1 The Climate of the Alps.- 1.8.2 The Soils of the Alps.- 1.8.3 The Producers.- 1.8.4 The Northern Carpathians.- 1.9 Pedobiomes of ZB VI.- 1.9.1 Amphibiomes and Helobiomes of Riverine Floodplains.- 1.9.2 Halo- and Psammobiomes of the Sea Coasts.- 1.10 Zonoecotones.- 1.10.1 Zonoecotone VI/VIII of the Boreal-Nemoral Mixed Deciduous-Coniferous Forests of Europe.- 1.10.2 Zonoecotones VI/VII of the Forest Steppe of Eastern Europe..- 2: Subzonobiome VII of the Semi-Arid Steppes of Eurasia.- 2.0.1 General Introductory Remarks on Zonobiome VII.- 2.0.2 The Forest Steppe as Transitional Zone (Zonoecotone VI/VII)..- 2.1 The Climate.- 2.2 The Soils.- 2.3 The Producers.- 2.3.1 Typical Meadow Steppe (Festuceta herbeta) on Thick Chernozem..- 2.3.2 Feathergrass Steppe.- 2.3.3 Sage-Feathergrass Steppe (Artemisieto-Stipetum) on Lightly Solonized Chestnut Earth (Castanozem).- 2.3.4 Ecophysiology of the Steppe Plants.- 2.3.5 Peri-glacial Steppe Relicts in Central Europe.- 2.3.6 West-Siberian Steppes.- 2.3.7 East-Asian Steppe.- 2.4 The Consumers.- 2.5 The Decomposers.- 2.6 Steppe Ecosystems.- 2.7 Subdivision of Steppes into Subzonobiomes and Biomes.- 2.8 The Orobiomes of the Steppe Zone.- 2.9 Pedobiomes of the Steppe Zone.- 2.10 Zonoecotone VII/VIII in Siberia.- 2.10.1 Climatic Conditions.- 2.10.2 Soil Conditions.- 2.10.3 Floristic Relationships.- 2.10.4 Ecological Investigations.- 2.10.5 Phytomass of the Pine Stands.- 2.10.6 The Natural Rejuvenation of Pine Forests.- 3: Subzonobiome VIIa of the Arid Semi-Desert in the Caspian Lowland.- 3.0 General.- 3.1 The Climate.- 3.2 The Soils.- 3.3 The Producers.- 4: Subzonobiome VIIa of the Arid Semi-Deserts and Deserts of Kazakhstan.- 4.0 General.- 4.1 The Climate.- 4.2 The Soils.- 4.3 The Producers.- 4.3.1 Ecological Investigations.- 4.4 The Consumers.- 4.5 The Decomposers.- 4.6 Ecosystem Research.- 4.7 Subdivision of the Kazakhian Semi-Desert into Biomes.- 4.8 Orobiomes.- 4.9 Pedobiomes.- 5: Subzonobiome VII (rIII) of the Extremely Arid Deserts of Middle Asia: the Biome Group Middle Asia.- 5.0 General.- 5.1 The Climate.- 5.2 The Soils.- 5.3 The Producers.- 5.3.1 Halobiomes or Salt Deserts.- 5.3.2 The Takyry.- 5.3.3 Deserts with Ephemeral Vegetation.- 5.3.4 The Sand Desert of Central Karakum.- 5.4 The Consumers.- 5.5 The Decomposers.- 5.6 Quantitative Ecosystem Research.- 5.7 Subdivision of Middle Asia into Biomes.- 5.8 Orobiome VII (rIII) of Middle Asia.- 5.8.1 The Kopet Dagh Mountains.- 5.8.2 The Tien Shan Mountains and the Pamiro-Alai System.- 5.9 Pedobiomes: Amphibiomes of the Floodplains of the Amu-Darya..- 5.10 Zonoecotone to the Deserts of Central Asia.- 6: Extremely Arid Subzonobiome VII (rIII) of the Central Asian Deserts.- 6.0 General.- 6.1 Transitional Region to Outer Mongolia (excluding the Gobi Desert).- 6.2 The Gobi Desert.- 6.2.1 General.- 6.2.2 Ecological Investigations in the Northern Gobi.- 6.3 The Pei Shan Desert.- 6.4 The Tarim Basin with the Takla Makan Desert.- 6.5 Kansu or Hessi Corridor.- 6.6 The Ala Shan Desert.- 6.7 The Ordos Desert.- 6.8 The Tsaidam Basin (Transitional to the Cold Plateaux).- 7: Extremely Cold-Arid Subzonobiome VII (tIX) of the Cold and High Plateau Deserts of Central Asia.- 7.0 General Situation of the Cold Deserts of the High Mountain Plateaux of Asia.- 7.1 The High Plateau of Tibet.- 7.2 The Pamirs — an Ecologically Well-Studied High-Mountain-Desert.- 7.2.0 General Subdivision.- 7.2.1 The Eastern Pamir.- 7.2.2 The Western Pamir and Badakhshan.- 8: Zonobiome VIII of the Boreal Conifer Zone (Taiga) of Euro-Siberia.- 8.0 Introduction.- 8.1 The Climate (Subzonobiomes).- 8.2 Zonal Soils.- 8.3 The Producers.- 8.3.1 The European Taiga.- 8.3.2 The Siberian Taiga.- 8.4 The Consumers.- 8.5 The Decomposers.- 8.6 Ecosystems of Zonobiome VIII.- 8.6.1 Competition on Spruce-Forest Ecosystems.- 8.6.2 Ecosystem Studies Including Data on Production.- 8.6.3 Optimal Production Values in Natural Conifer Forests.- 8.6.4 Fruit Production and Rejuvenation.- 8.7 Subdivision of Zonobiome VIII.- 8.8 The Orobiome of Zonobiome VIII.- 8.9 Pedobiomes of Zonobiome VIII.- 8.9.1 The Peino-Helobiome of the Oligotrophic Bogs.- 8.9.2 Ecology of Raised Bogs.- 8.9.3 The Consumers of Bogs.- 8.9.4 The Largest Bog Area of the World in Western Siberia.- 8.9.5 Amphibiomes: Boreal Flood-Plain Forests.- 8.10. Zonoecotone VIII/IX: the Forest Tundra.- 9: Zonobiome IX: The Arctic Tundra of Eurasia.- 9.1 Climate.- 9.2 The Soils.- 9.3 The Producers.- 9.4 The Consumers.- 9.5 The Decomposers.- 9.6 Ecosystem Research.- 9.6.1 Subzonobiome of the Southern Tundra.- 9.6.2 Subzonobiome of the Typical Tundra.- 9.6.3 Subzonobiome of the Northern Tundra.- 9.6.4 Subzonobiome of the Arctic Desert.- 9.6.5 Productivity and the Cycling of Matter in Zonobiome IX of Eurosiberia.- 9.7 The Subdivision of the Arctic ZB IX.- 9.8 Orobiomes IX of the Tundra Region.- 9.9 Arctic Pedobiomes.- 9.10. The Zonoecotone of Perpetual Snow Patches.- 10: Interzonal and Multizonal Orobiomes of Euro-Siberia.- 10.0 General.- 10.1 The Crimean Mountains.- 10.2 The Ural Mountains.- 10.3 The Altai Mountains.- 10.4 The Caucasian Mountains.- References.

O autorze

Professor Dr. Siegmar-Walter Breckle ist seit 1979 Leiter der Abteilung Ökologie der Universität Bielefeld