Doing Business in Africa: From Economic Growth to Societal Development

ISBN-13: 9783030507411 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 400 str.

Suzanne M. Apitsa; Eric Milliot

Spis treści

Introductory Chapter: The Dynamic of Cultural Interactions in the Workplace in Africa: The Cultural Paradox

 

Suzanne M. Apitsa

 

Abstract: The dynamics of ethnic cultural interactions within companies in Africa is an insufficiently explored phenomenon in the academic literature. Understanding the internal logic of individuals in organizations in Africa makes it possible to take advantage of ethnic cultural paradoxes for managerial action. In a resolutely cross-cultural approach, the results of qualitative empirical study, conducted in three French multinationals based in Cameroon and Nigeria, suggest that ethnicity - an element of identity and structuring African societies - must be seen in the same way as culture as having positive effects, but also as a source of difficulty in managerial action. In addition, the results provide a timely framework for diversity management policy and tools for organizations in Africa.

 

Chapter 1: The Paradoxes of Coopetitive Integration in Madagascar: An Approach Based on the Actor-Network Theory

 

Gilde Ralandison, Éric Milliot and Victor Harison

 

Abstract: For three years, the authors have observed two clusters of small and medium sized enterprises involved in the essential oil industry in Madagascar. This longitudinal observation of complementary clusters (one has a formal structure, while the other does not) helps identify a specific type of merger between competitors-partners: integrated coopetition. Using the Actor-Network Theory to understand the way in which such different actors can come to a stable consensus, the authors propose a model of paradox management inside and between the organizations which characterize this type of link-up.

 

Chapter 2: The Factors Influencing the SME’s Engagement in Export: The case of Algeria

 

Mohamed Kadi

 

Abstract: This chapter aims to analyze the main factors influencing the export engagement of Algerian SMEs by relying on data from a survey of 43 exporting companies. To achieve this, we favored an exploratory study based on a principal component analysis (PCA). We observed, through the results, that the level of commitment in export presents itself as a strategic choice which is built independently of the level of competition / saturation in the Algerian market. It also seems that access to foreign markets does not depend entirely on the innovation capacity of the SME but on its relational capacities and the level of development of its network. It also seems that access to foreign markets does not depend entirely on the innovation capacity of the SME but on its relational capacities and the level of development of its network.

 

Chapter 3: Internationalization of Moroccan SMEs in sub-Saharan African Region: An analysis based on the Uppsala Model

 

Oumaima Chamchati, Mohamed Nabil El Mabrouki and Caroline Minialai   

 

Abstract: The objective of this chapter is to examine the pertinence of the Uppsala model in analyzing the internationalization of Moroccan SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa. To achieve this, we first describe how Johanson and Vahlne explain the choice of host country and entry mode in their model. Then, based on a series of interviews with Moroccan SMEs operating in Sub-Saharan Africa and representatives of overseas support organizations, we analyze the similarities and differences between the proposals of the Uppsala model and our results. It shows that Uppsala's model must broaden its definition of distance and reconsider the importance of political distance. In the intra-African context, diplomatic relations between countries generate a "driving effect" among companies. The importance of this effect should be further studied when explaining the international behavior of SMEs. Similarly, host country characteristics must be further explained in the model, since they may differ from a geographical context to another. In the intra-African context, we realize the importance of political stability and security risks in the choice of host country and entry mode. Is this specific to the African context? Wouldn’t it be useful to develop specific extensions of the Uppsala model for each homogeneous geographical context ?

 

Chapter 4: Internationalization of West African Transport-Logistic SMEs Facing the Crushing Weight of the MNEs

 

Messan Lihoussou, Suzanne M. Apitsa and Clément Godonou

Abstract: This chapter examines the internationalization process of West African small and medium-sized (SMEs) transport-logistics companies operating in a highly competitive market largely dominated by major multinational logistics operators (MNCs). These local SMEs, considered as a driving force for economic dynamics and a tool for the sustainable creation of jobs, seem to be increasingly confronted with the overwhelming weight of MNCs. On the basis of a quantitative data survey of 42 freight forwarding SME managers, facing the integration an in-depth qualitative analysis of two local SMEs case; we highlight how local transport and logistic SMEs have enormous difficulties to internationalize facing the integration strategies of activities developed by MNCs in West Africa. Empirical data shows that the strategic and managerial vision is a key element of success in this very demanding entrepreneurial ecosystem. Good commercial relations with landlocked countries (the port major market) as well as the career path of the SME manager are also very decisive.

 

Chapter 5: Highlighting Performance Indicators for Dry Ports in Landlocked Countries: The Case of Burkina Faso

 

Rodrigue Balima and Gwenaëlle Oruezabala

 

Abstract: In landlocked countries, the obstacles and constraints to the fluidity of traffic are important due to these nations’ isolation and dependence on the logistical organization of their hinterlands. In Burkina Faso, logistics operators, confronted with the globalization of supply chains, therefore wonder about the performance indicators to adopt. Our empirical study, driven nearby thirty-two actors of the Ouagadougou dry port ecosystem, aimed to question about port performance criteria, such as deadlines, expenses, sustainability, digitalization, connectivity, security and governance. Out of them, our results allow us to identify four dimensions that have a greater weight for the actors of the port ecosystem.

 

Chapter 6: The Role of Interpersonal Relations in Logistical Conflicts Resolution Between SMEs and Food Retailing Industry: The Case of Morocco

 

Hicham Abbad, Sonia Mahjoub and Dominique Bonet Fernandez

Abstract: Given the interdependent relationships between retailers and suppliers, conflict situations seem inevitable. Conflicts between the two actors of the distribution channel can affect various fields. In logistics relations, conflicts arise from retailer’s dissatisfaction. This is partly linked to SMEs' poorly mastered logistics skills. Although the logistical criterion is considered in the selection process of suppliers, retailers in Morocco are still confronted with the logistical failure of a large proportion of their suppliers (missed delivery times, non-compliant deliveries, high out-of-stock rates in shelves, etc.). The resolution of logistical conflicts could be achieved in different ways, but above all it requires the involvement of the staff of both stakeholders, customers and suppliers. In our contribution, we try to show how interpersonal relationships between retailers' and SMEs' staff in the agri-food sector can help to manage this type of conflict. We have observed that interpersonal relations characterized by frequent contacts and quality exchanges make it possible to maintain exchanges and a stable climate of relations by ensuring the establishment of "acceptable" methods of resolving logistical conflicts. Interpersonal relations guide companies involved in logistical disputes towards the choice of cooperative resolution methods (accommodation and compromise).

 

Chapter 7: How to Conciliate Successfully the Responsibilities of Business Manager and Political Elite? The Case of Cameroon

 

Jean Biwolé Fouda

 

 

Abstract: Several countries allow their politicians to simultaneously carry out commercial and political activities. In a context featured by weak institutions and a high corruption level, such a combination would ineluctably lead to conflicts of interest. What is the nature of these conflicts when someone is both business manager and political elite? How to curb them effectively? We transpose corporate governance tools to politics and provide incentive regulation and corporate rating as solution.

 

Chapter 8: Managers’ Social Responsibility Values and Representation through a Cognitive Approach: The Case of the Downstream Oil Sector in Madagascar

 

Narova Miasa

 

Abstract: Using an exploratory qualitative survey methodology, this chapter is based on a single case of the downstream oil sector in Madagascar. The objective is to accurately reconstruct each representation of CSR per unit of analysis with the particularity of comparing responses from the same persons over two periods of eight years apart. By using the perceptions and representations constructed by the subjects on what CSR is, it is then necessary to extract the specificities (values) and convergences and then to report on how the responsibilities are prioritized according to the manager. The purpose of this study is therefore not to evaluate or judge the performance of the participating organisations, nor to provide statistical analysis, but to try to draw up accurate images of what CSR represents in managers' thinking and compare them.

 

Chapter 9: State of the Art on the Environmental Management in the Cameroonian Public Administration: The Case Study of the Desk Management Activities in the Ministerial Central Services

 

Munoz Kenmeni, Hugues Kouakap, Mesmin Tchindjang, Marie Ngolo Bela and José Nkenkeu

 

Abstract: Environmental Management (EM) is perceived as a framework or a set of practices and processes that enable any organization being private or public to reduce it environmental impacts while aiming at increasing its operating efficiency. Environment has gradually become one of the main components of the management of enterprises/corporations, organizations, communities and administrations. EM is a management tool that enables the above entities to obtain socio-economic and ecological gains by controlling the environmental impact of their activities. Based on this observation and with the aim of freeing the public administrations from managerial heaviness and ecological ignorance, the present contribution postulates to draw up an inventory of the EM in the 36 ministries of Cameroon in 2012 via nine assessment tools. A nine-part questionnaire (with respect to the nine tools) and 66 questions allowed the tools to be applied to each public services. Hypothetic-deductive approach was used to analyze the finding. The results show that there is any environmental management approach formally implemented in the Cameroonian administrations even if the office desk activities generate significant negative impacts on the environment. These managerial and organizational weaknesses in the desk management activities in the Cameroonian public administration are a hindrance to it implementation.

 

Chapter 10: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Transitional East African Economies: The Case of Tanzania

 

Frank Nyamrunda and Susan Freeman

 

Abstract: The institutional context of transitional economies in Africa can neither be explored nor understood without consideration of its complex colonial history and its legacy of influence on business today. Nor can we understand Africa as a continent, without understanding the different regions and diverse influences experienced from past external powers. Africa is not homogenous. For example, economies in East Africa, are characterized by relatively rapid economic growth due to economic policy reforms and ongoing structural changes over the last decade or so. While other parts of the continent remain war torn, improvised and debt ridden, managed by corrupt regimes, Tanzania has sustained economic growth of around seven per cent annually during this time period. In Tanzania the economic importance of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is substantial. One challenge for SMEs operating in this continent is understanding the factors that play a critical role in building successful business relationships in international business. While considerable research effort has been directed towards SMEs in emerging and developed economies, little is known about SMEs in transitional economies, such as Tanzania. Highlighting the heterogeneity of Africa, we focus on East Africa, explaining why some economies, such as Tanzania are increasingly observed as highly promising locations for business opportunities.

 

Chapter 11: How Does Trust and Communication Evolve over Time in the International Joint Ventures? Evidence from Morocco

 

Dora Triki and Btissam Moncef

 

Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to study the role of relational governance mechanisms, and more specifically trust and communication, during the development of the partnership. Based on three cases of vertical IJVs based in Morocco, the results show, on the one hand, how relational governance develop through the stages of development of the IJV, and on the other, how it is affected by the compatibility of the parents’ strategic intentions at the outset.

 

Chapter 12: The Propagation of Online Rumours Slandering Multinational Companies in Egypt

 

Mona Shehata

 

Abstract: The digital communication boom in Egypt presents higher unpredictability to multinational companies operating in different countries. This gives unprecedented ground to rumors on all levels, economic, social and political with the rise of Web 2.0. It is essential for research to keep pace with these changes; where the social media has changed the game and the Internet users are no longer passive players, but they can actively create and spread rumors. This chapter presents a new approach by analyzing three concrete case studies of commercial rumors on Facebook in Egypt. The cases belong to different business sectors such as telecommunications, dairy products, and FMCG. The data is collected using multiple tools together with online observation (Netnography) and some semi-directive interviews with key players involved in the dissemination process. This study argues how socio-cultural differences and filters in Egypt affect rumor dissemination. The analysis involves the anatomy of initiators, type of interactions on Facebook until the debunking process. The results obtained in this study, and the main techniques used, can naturally extend to other countries and to another type of similar digital platform.

O autorze

Suzanne M. Apitsa, PhD, is a Lecturer at the University of Poitiers (France). She is a member of CEREGE Laboratory (Centre de Recherche en Gestion), Atlas AFMI (Association Francophone de Management International) and Afrique Atlantique. Her research focuses on international HRM, CSR, cross-cultural management, internationalization strategy, transport and logistic in Africa.

Eric Milliot, PhD, is Professor of Management Science at the University of Nantes (France). President of Atlas AFMI (Association Francophone de Management International), he is deputy editor-in-chief of International Management journal and director of the Atlas series at Vuibert (Paris). Member of the LEMNA laboratory, he has published several books and academic articles.

Blurb

This book presents insights from cutting-edge international business and management research relating to Africa. Economic growth and foreign investment in the region remains strong, despite some slowing down in recent years. This trend of economic growth and its impact on international trade and FDI has attracted Western businesses, eager to capitalize on this emerging market. In this context, new relationships and interactions have stimulated business research on Africa.

Split into four parts covering the internationalization process, international logistics, trans-border corporate social responsibility and trust in Africa, the book covers a range of emerging trends, academic discussion and evolving issues across the spectrum of business research. It is a valuable read for students, researchers and practitioners interested in doing business in Africa.