Discounted Cash Flow: A Theory of the Valuation of Firms

ISBN-13: 9780470870440 / Angielski / Twarda / 2005 / 178 str.

Lutz Kruschwitz; Andreas Loeffler

Opis

Firm valuation is currently a very exciting topic. It is interesting for those economists engaged in either practice or theory, particularly for those in finance. The literature on firm valuation recommends logical, quantitative methods, which deal with establishing today's value of future free cash flows. In this respect firm valuation is identical with the calculation of the discounted cash flow, DCF. There are, however, different coexistent versions, which seem to compete against each other. Entity approach and equity approach are thus differentiated. Acronyms are often used, such as APV (adjusted present value) or WACC (weighted average cost of capital), whereby these two concepts are classified under entity approach.

Why are there several procedures and not just one? Do they all lead to the same result? If not, where do the economic differences lie? If so, for what purpose are different methods needed? And further: do the known procedures suffice? Or are there situations where none of the concepts developed up to now delivers the correct value of the firm? If so, how is the appropriate valuation formula to be found? These questions are not just interesting for theoreticians; even the practitioner who is confronted with the task of marketing his or her results has to deal with it. The authors systematically clarify the way in which these different variations of the DCF concept are related throughout the book

ENDORSEMENTS FOR LOFFLER: DISCOUNTED 0-470-87044-3

"Compared with the huge number of books on pragmatic approaches to discounted cash flow valuation, there are remarkably few that lay out the theoretical underpinnings of this technique. Kruschwitz and Loffler bring together the theory in this area in a consistent and rigorous way that should be useful for all serious students of the topic."
--Ian Cooper, London Business School

"This treatise on the market valuation of corporate cash flows offers the first reconciliation of conventional cost-of-capital valuation models from the corporate finance literature with state-pricing (or 'risk-neutral' pricing) models subsequently developed on the basis of multi-period no-arbitrage theories. Using an entertaining style, Kruschwitz and Loffler develop a precise and theoretically consistent definition of 'cost of capital', and provoke readers to drop vague or contradictory alternatives."
--Darrell Duffie, Stanford University

"Handling firm and personal income taxes properly in valuation involves complex considerations. This book offers a new, precise, clear and concise theoretical path that is pleasant to read. Now it is the practitioners task to translate this approach into real-world applications "
--Wolfgang Wagner, PricewaterhouseCoopers

"It is an interesting book, which has some new results and it fills a gap in the literature between the usual undergraduate material and the very abstract PhD material in such books as that of Duffie (Dynamic Asset Pricing Theory). The style is very engaging, which is rare in books pitched at this level."
--Martin Lally, University of Wellington

Spis treści

List of Figures.

List of Symbols.

List of Definitions, Theorems, etc.

Acknowledgments.

Introduction.

1. Basic Elements.

1.1 Fundamental terms.

1.1.1 Cash flows.

1.1.2 Taxes.

1.1.3 Cost of capital.

1.1.4 Time.

Problems.

1.2 Conditional expectation.

1.2.1 Uncertainty and information.

1.2.2 Rules.

1.2.3 Example.

Problems.

1.3 A first glance at business values.

1.3.1 Valuation concept.

1.3.2 Cost of capital as conditional expected returns.

1.3.3 A first valuation equation.

1.3.4 Fundamental theorem of asset pricing.

Problems.

1.4 Further literature.

2. Corporate Income Tax.

2.1 Unlevered firms.

2.1.1 Valuation equation.

2.1.2 Weak auto–regressive cash flows.

2.1.3 Example (continued).

Problems.

2.2 Basics about levered firms.

2.2.1 Equity and debt.

2.2.2 Earnings and taxes.

2.2.3 Financing policies.

2.2.4 Default.

2.2.5 Example (finite case continued).

Problems.

2.3 Autonomous financing.

2.3.1 Adjusted present value (APV).

2.3.2 Example (continued).

Problems.

2.4 Financing based on market values.

2.4.1 Flow to equity (FTE).

2.4.2 Total cash flow (TCF).

2.4.3 Weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

2.4.4 Miles–Ezzell and Modigliani–Miller adjustments.

2.4.5 Example (continued).

Problems.

2.5 Financing based on book values.

2.5.1 Assumptions.

2.5.2 Full distribution policy.

2.5.3 Replacement investments.

2.5.4 Investment policy based on cash flows.

2.5.5 Example (continued).

Problems.

2.6 Other financing policies.

2.6.1 Financing based on cash flows.

2.6.2 Financing based on dividends.

2.6.3 Financing based on debt–cash flow ratio.

2.6.4 Comparing alternative forms of financing.

Problems.

2.7 Further literature.

3. Personal Income Tax.

3.1 Unlevered and levered firms.

3.1.1 Leverage interpreted anew.

3.1.2 The unlevered firm.

3.1.3 Income and taxes.

3.1.4 Fundamental theorem.

3.1.5 Tax shield and distribution policy.

3.1.6 Example (continued).

Problems.

3.2 Excursus: Cost of equity and tax rate.

Problems.

3.3 Retention policies.

3.3.1 Autonomous retention.

3.3.2 Retention based on cash flow.

3.3.3 Retention based on dividends.

3.3.4 Retention based on market value.

Problems.

3.4 Further literature.

4. Corporate and Personal Income Tax.

4.1 Assumptions.

4.2 Identification and evaluation of tax advantages.

4.3 Epilogue.

Problems.

Appendix: Proofs.

A.1 Proofs of theorems.

A.2 Proof of theorem.

A.3 Proof of theorem.

A.4 Proofs of theorems.

A.5 Proof of theorem.

A.6 Proofs of theorems.

A.7 Proof of theorem.

A.8 Proof of theorem.

Index.

O autorze

Lutz Kruschwitz (pictured left) is chair of Banking and Finance at the Freie Universität in Berlin. He was born in 1943 in Berlin, Germany, and is a graduate in economics from the Freie Universität in Berlin. His research interest include investment and valuation theory in particular. He has written several bestselling german finance textbooks.

Andreas Löffler is chair of Banking and Finance at the Universität of Hannover. He was born in 1964 in Szeged, Hungary, and is a graduate in mathematics and economics from Universität Leipzig and Freie Universität Berlin. His research interest include decision theory and valuation theory. He has published in a number of academic journals.

Blurb

Firm valuation is currently a very exciting topic. It is interesting for those economists engaged in either practice or theory, particularly for those in finance. The literature on firm valuation recommends logical, quantitative methods, which deal with establishing today s value of future free cash flows. In this respect firm valuation is identical with the calculation of the discounted cash flow, DCF. There are, however, different coexistent versions, which seem to compete against each other. Entity approach and equity approach are thus differentiated. Acronyms are often used, such as APV (adjusted present value) or WACC (weighted average cost of capital), whereby these two concepts are classified under entity approach.

Why are there several procedures and not just one? Do they all lead to the same result? If not, where do the economic differences lie? If so, for what purpose are different methods needed? And further: do the known procedures suffice? Or are there situations where none of the concepts developed up to now delivers the correct value of the firm? If so, how is the appropriate valuation formula to be found? These questions are not just interesting for theoreticians; even the practitioner who is confronted with the task of marketing his or her results has to deal with it. The authors systematically clarify the way in which these different variations of the DCF concept are related throughout the book

ENDORSEMENTS FOR LÖFFLER: DISCOUNTED 0–470–87044–3

"Compared with the huge number of books on pragmatic approaches to discounted cash flow valuation, there are remarkably few that lay out the theoretical underpinnings of this technique. Kruschwitz and Löffler bring together the theory in this area in a consistent and rigorous way that should be useful for all serious students of the topic."
Ian Cooper, London Business School

"This treatise on the market valuation of corporate cash flows offers the first reconciliation of conventional cost–of–capital valuation models from the corporate finance literature with state–pricing (or ′risk–neutral′ pricing) models subsequently developed on the basis of multi–period no–arbitrage theories. Using an entertaining style, Kruschwitz and Löffler develop a precise and theoretically consistent definition of ′cost of capital′, and provoke readers to drop vague or contradictory alternatives."
Darrell Duffie, Stanford University

"Handling firm and personal income taxes properly in valuation involves complex considerations. This book offers a new, precise, clear and concise theoretical path that is pleasant to read. Now it is the practitioners task to translate this approach into real–world applications!"
Wolfgang Wagner, PricewaterhouseCoopers

"It is an interesting book, which has some new results and it fills a gap in the literature between the usual undergraduate material and the very abstract PhD material in such books as that of Duffie (Dynamic Asset Pricing Theory). The style is very engaging, which is rare in books pitched at this level."
Martin Lally, University of Wellington