Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology: A Practical Engineering Guide

ISBN-13: 9783030321871 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 1055 str.

Walter Fischer

Spis treści

Introduction.- Analog Television.- Scanning an Original Black/White Picture.- Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses.- Adding the Color Information.- Transmission Methods.- Distortion and Interference.- Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval.- Measurements on Analog Video Signals.- Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network.- The MPEG Data Stream.- MPEG-Standards and Applications.- The MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES).- The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet.- Information for the Receiver.- Synchronizing to the Transport Stream.- Reading out the Current Program Structure.- Accessing a Program.- Accessing Scrambled Programs.- Program Synchronization (PCR, DTS, PTS).- Additional Information in the Transport Stream (SI).- Non-Private and Private Sections and Tables.- The Service Information according to DVB (SI).- 3.6 The PSIP according to the ATSC.- ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T.- DTMB (China) Tables.- Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- The Transport Priority.- The Transport Scrambling Control Bits.- The Adaptation Field Control Bits.-The Continuity Counter.- Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601).- Video Signal Formats for HDTV and UHDTV.- Image Formats.- Uncompressed HDTV Baseband Signal.- Physical Video Interface Signals Up To UHDTV.- Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain.- The Fourier Transform.- The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).- The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).- Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT.- The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT).- Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency Domain.- Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them.- Window Functions.- Video Coding (MPEG-2, MPEG-4/AVC, HEVC).- Video Compression.- Reducing the Quantization from 10 Bits to 8.- Omitting the Horizontal and Vertical Blanking Intervals.- Reduction in Vertical Color Resolution (4:2:0).- Further Data Reduction Steps.- Differential Pulse Code Modulation of Moving Pictures.- Discrete Cosine Transform Followed by Quantization.- Zig-Zag Scanning with Run-Length Coding of Zero Sequ.- Huffman Coding.- Summary.- Structure of the Video Elementary Stream.- More Recent Video Compression Methods.- MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding.- HEVC ― High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV.- Image Formats.- Video Coding Methods.- The Place of H.265 in the MPEG World.- Video Coding Steps in H.265.- HEVC in Detail.- Summary, Outlook, and the Path to UHDTV.- Audio Coding.- Digital Audio Source Signal.- History of Audio Coding.- Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear.- Basic Principles of Audio Coding.- Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II.- Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital.- Multichannel Sound.- New Developments - MPEG-4.- Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB.- Teletext and Subtitles.- Video Program System.- WSS – Wide Screen Signalling.- Practical examples.- Further Program Associated Data.- Physical AV Interface Signals.- Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals.- "CCIR 601" Parallel and Serial Interface.- Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface (TS

PARALLEL).- Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface (TS-ASI).- SMPTE310 Interface.- ISDB-T BCMUX.- DVI Interface.- HD-SDI interface.- DVB-IP interface.- SDI over IP, AVB.- HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface.- HDMI – Development Path and Versions.- Mechanical Implementation.- HDMI Interface Functions.- HDMI Interface Signal Formats.- HDMI Measurement Technology.- HDMI – Summary and Outlook.- Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss).- Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error).- Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT).- Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error).- The PID_Error.- The Continuity_Count_Error.- The Transport_Error (Priority 2).- The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error.- The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error).- The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error).- The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error).- Service Information Repetition Rate Error (SI_Repetition).- Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables.- Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID).- Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information.- Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error, EIT_other_error.- Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream.- Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals.- Methods for Measuring Video Quality.- Subjective Picture Quality Analysis.- Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale Method DSCQS.- Single Stimulus Continual Quality Evaluation Method

SSCQE.- Objective Picture Quality Analysis.- Summary and Outlook.- Basic Principles of Digital Modulation.- Introduction.- Mixer.- Amplitude Modulator.- IQ Modulator.- The IQ Demodulator.- Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation.- Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform.- Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction.- A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods.- Amplitude Modulation.- Variants of Amplitude Modulation.- Frequency Modulation.- Phase Modulation.- Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals.- Summary.- Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S2.- The DVB-S System Parameters.- The DVB-S Modulator.- Convolutional Coding.- Signal Processing in the Satellite.- The DVB-S Receiver.- Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link.- DVB-S2.- DVB-S2X – Extensions in the DVB-S2 Standard.- DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology- Introduction.- Measuring Bit Error Ratios.- Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Approximate Determination of the Noise Power N.- C/N, S/N and Eb/N0.- Finding the EB/N0 Ratio in DVB-S(1).- Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test.- Measurements on a Satellite Antenna System.- Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C.- The DVB-C Standard.- The DVB-C Modulator.- The DVB-C Receiver.- Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link.- Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B (US).- J83B Transmission Parameters The transmission parameters provided in J83B are:.- J83B Baseband Input Signals.- Forward Error Correction.- Calculation of the Net Data Rate.- Roll-off Filtering.- Fall-off-the-Cliff.- Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable.- DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis.- Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis.- Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).- Phase Jitter.- Sinusoidal Interferer.- Effects of the I/Q Modulator.- Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).- Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER).- Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals.- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel.- DVB-C/J83A/B/C Receiver Test.- Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM).- Why Multi-Carrier?.- What is COFDM?.- Generating the COFDM Symbols.- Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum.- Hierarchical Modulation.- Summary.- Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T).- The DVB-T Standard.- The DVB-T Carriers.- Hierarchical Modulation.- DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel.- The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter.- The DVB-T Receiver.- Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects.- DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN).- Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T.- Measuring DVB-T Signals.- Measuring the Bit Error Ratio.- Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals.- Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).- Phase Jitter.- Interference Sources.- Echoes, Multipath Reception.- Doppler Effect.- I/Q Errors of the Modulator.- Cause and Effect of I/Q Errors in DVB-T.- Measuring the Crest Factor.- Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response.- Measuring the Impulse Response.- Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation.- DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds.- Introduction.- Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting.- Essential Parameters of DVB-H.- DSM-CC Sections.- Multiprotocol Encapsulation.- DVB-H Standard.- Summary.- DVB-SH.- Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard.- The 8VSB Modulator.- 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate.- The ATSC Receiver.- Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path.- ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV.- Compatibility with the Existing Frame Structure.- MPEG-4 Video and Audio Streaming.- ATSC M/H Multiplexer.- ATSC M/H Modulator.- Forming Single-Frequency Networks.- Summary.- Closed Captioning.- Current Status of ATSC.- ATSC/8VSB Measurements.- Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement.- 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer.- Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals.- Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response.- Further Measurements.- Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T.- Introduction.- ISDB-T Concept.- Forming Layers.- Baseband Encoding.- Changes in the Transport Stream Structure.- Block Diagram.- Channel Tables.- Performance of ISDB-T.- Other ISDB Standards.- ISDB-T measurements.- Summary.- Digital Audio Broadcasting – DAB/DAB+.- Comparing DAB and DVB.- An Overview of DAB.- The Physical Layer of DAB.- DAB – Forward Error Correction.- DAB Modulator and Transmitter.- DAB Data Structure.- DAB Single-Frequency Networks.- DAB Data Broadcasting.- DAB+.- DAB/DAB+ Multiplex Signal Formats.- DAB Measuring Technology.- Testing DAB Receivers.- Measuring the DAB Signal.- DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU.- Data Broadcasting in DVB.- Object Carousels.- The Multimedia Home Platform MHP.- System Software Update SSU.- T-DMB.- IPTV – Television over the Internet.- DVB-IP.- IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI.- OTT – Over the TOP TV.- DRM – Digital Radio Mondiale.- Audio source encoding.- Forward Error Correction.- Modulation Method.- Frame structure.- Interference on the transmission link.- DRM data rates.- DRM transmitting stations and DRM receivers.- DRM+.- Single-Frequency Networks in DVB-T in Practice.- SFN Measurement Parameters.- Guard Interval Violation.- Pre-echoes.- The 0-dB Echo.- Quasi Mobile Receiving Situation.- Transmission of Non-Identical TPS Bits.- Frequency Accuracy of the Transmitters.- Practical Examples.- Pre-echoes.- The 0-dB Echoes.- TPS Bits.- Mobile DVB-T Reception.- Response of DVB-T Receivers.- Receiver Test.- Minimum Receiver Input Level in the AWGN Channel.- Minimum SNR.- Adjacent-Channel Occupancy.- Co-channel Reception.- Multi-path Reception.- Channel Search.- Booting Speed and Action.- Program Change.- Teletext.- VPS Functions.- Dynamic PSI/SI Tables.- Firmware Configuration.- Miscellaneous.- Network Planning.- Filling the Gaps in the Coverage.- Fall-off-the-Cliff.- Summary.- DTMB.- DMB-T, or now DTMB.- Some more Details.- DOCSIS – Data over Cable Service Interface Specification.- Downstream.- Upstream.- CMTS and Cable Modem.- The Development of DOCSIS.- Data Streams – Continuous and Time Slot-Based (TDMA).- Modulation – Single- and Multi-Carrier Schemes on the Cable.- DOCSIS 3.1.- Outlook.- Display Technologies.- Previous Converter Systems - the Nipkow Disk.- The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).- The Plasma Screen.- The Liquid Crystal Display Screen.- Digital Light Processing Systems.- Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.- Effects on Image Reproduction.- Compensation Methods.- Test Methods.- Current State of the Technology.- The New Generation of DVB Standards.- Overview of the DVB Standards.- Characteristics of the Old and the New Standards.- Capabilities and Aims of the New DVB Standards.- Baseband Signals for DVB-x2.- Input Signal Formats.- MPEG-2 Transport Streams – TS.- Generic Fixed Packetized Streams – GFPS.- Generic Continuous Streams – GCS.- Generic Encapsulated Streams – GSE.- Signal Processing and Conditioning in the Modulator Input Section.- Single Input Stream.- Multiple Input Streams.- Standard-related Special Features.- DVB-S2.- DVB-T2.- DVB-C2.- DVB-S2X.- DVB-T2.- Introduction.- Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity.- DVB-T2 – Overview.- Baseband Interface.- Forward Error Correction.- COFDM Parameters.- Normal Carrier Mode.- Extended Carrier Mode.- Modulation Patterns.- Normal Constellation Diagrams.- Definition of 'Cell'.- Rotated Q-delayed Constellation Diagrams.- Frame Structure.- P1 Symbol.- P2 Symbols.- Symbol, Frame, Superframe.- Block Diagram.- Interleavers.- Types of Interleaver.- DVB-T2 Time Interleaver Configuration.- Pilots.- Sub-Slicing.- Time-Frequency-Slicing (TFS).- PAPR Reduction.- SISO/MISO Multi-Antenna Systems.- MISO according to Alamouti.- Modified Alamouti in DVB-T2.- Future Extension Frames.- Auxiliary Data Streams.- DVB-T2-MI.- SFNs in DVB-T2.- Transmitter Identification Information in DVB-T2.- Performance.- T2-Lite.- Outlook.- DVB-C2.- Introduction.- Theoretical Maximum Channel Capacity.- DVB-C2 – An Overview.- Baseband Interface.- Forward Error Correction.- COFDM Parameters.- Modulation Pattern.- Definition of a Cell.- Interleavers.- Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM).- Frame Structure.- Channel Bundling and Slice Building.- Preamble Symbols.- Pilots in DVB-C2.- PAPR.- Block Diagram.- Levels in Broadband Cables.- Capacity.- Outlook.- DVB-T2 Measurement Technology.- Measuring the RF Level.- Measuring Bit Error Ratios (BER).- Measuring the Modulation Error Ratio (MER).- Constellation Analysis of DVB-T2 Signals.- Measuring the Shoulder Distance.- Measuring the Channel Impulse Response.- Measuring the Amplitude Response and Group Delay.- Measuring the Crest Factor (PAPR).- Pre- and Post-Signaling Data.- Practical Experiences and Measurement Results.- Single and Multiple PLP.- Code Rates and Modulation Methods of DVB-T2.- Comparison of Non-rotated and Rotated Constellations.- Time Interleaver Parameters and Data Symbols per Fr..- DVB-T2 Based Single Frequency Networks.- SISO/MSO in DVB-T2.- Suitability of DVB-T2 for Mobile Use.- Summary.- VHF FM Radio.- Channel Spacing and Modulation Method.- Spectrum of an FM-Modulated Signal.- Stereo Multiplex Signal.- Radio Data System (RDS).- Minimum Field Strength and Adjacent-Channel Protection.- Interferences Along the VHF FM Transmission Path.- Minimum Receiver Input Level.- Comparison with DAB/DAB+.- Measurements on VHF FM Stereo Signals.- Measuring the RF Level.- Level Adjustment.- Measuring the FM Deviation and the Multiplex Power.- Measuring the Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR).- Frequency Response of the Left and Right Audio Channels.- Measuring the Stereo Crosstalk.- Measuring the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).- Stereo Balance.- Dual-Tone Factor.- MPX Baseband Frequency Response.- Asynchronous and Synchronous AM.- Measuring Out-of-Band Components.- Other Transmission Standards.- MediaFLO.- IBOC - HD Radio.- FMextra.- CMMB – Chinese Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting.- Digital Dividend.- Anatomy of the Mobile Radio Signals.- Terrestrial TV Networks and Mobile Radio.- Broadband Cable TV Networks and Mobile Radio.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on DVB-C.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Analog TV Reception.- Influence of Co-channel Mobile Radio on Other Digital.- Broadband Services.- Electromagnetic Field Immunity Standard for Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers.- Summary.- DTV – Three-Dimensional Television.- Anatomical Basics of 3D.- The 3D Principle.- Presentation of 3D Material.- 3DTV Transmission.- Current 3D Technology Status and Outlook.- Broadcast over Internet, HbbTV, OTT, Streaming.- Introduction.- Internet Applications in TV and Sound Broadcast.- HbbTV - Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV.- OTT – Over the Top TV.- Summary and Outlook.- Studio, Playout, Headend and Distribution Network.- Playout.- Headend.- Distribution Network.- Summary.- Terrestrial Broadcasting Transmitters and Transmitter Stations.- Modulation Signal Feed.- Terrestrial Broadcast-Transmit Station.- Modulator, Exciter.- GPS Time/Frequency Reference.- Transmitter Power Amplifiers.- Transistor Technology.- Power Amplifier Classes.- Power Combiners and Power Dividers.- Transmission Lines.- Cooling Technology.- Amplifier Technologies for Improving Efficiency.- Transmitter Output Filter.- Harmonics Filter.- Mask Filters.- Antenna Combiner.- Antenna Feed and Transmit Antenna.- ATSC3.0.- ATSC3.0 goals and system design.- ATSC3.0 input formats.- ATSC3.0 forward error correction (FEC).- Modulation scheme.- Layer Division Multiplexing.- Time Interleaving.- OFDM implementation in ATSC3.0.- PAPR, SISO, MISO.- Single-Frequency Networks.- TDM, FDM and LDM.- Summary.- LTE/5G-Based Broadcast.- Mobile Broadcast Standards.- Mobile Communication Standards.- MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services.- Summary.- Outlook.- Bibliography.- Definition of Terms.- Channel Tables.- Europe, Terrestrial and Cable.- Australia, Terrestrial.- North America, Terrestrial.- North America, Cable.- DAB Channel Tables.- Europe, Satellite.- Index

O autorze

Walter Fischer, Dipl.Ing.(FH), born 2.6.1961, Studies of Electrical Engineering 1979-83, diploma thesis in technique of TV measurement at Prof. Mäusl, FH München. Since 1985 employed at Rohde&Schwarz Munich. Until 1999 in the area of development of technique of TV measurement. Since 1999 coach at Rohde&Schwarz Training Center Munich for the sector analog and digital technique of TV. Numerous seminars in the field of DVB world wide (more than 3000 participants).

Blurb

Nearly ten years have elapsed since the last edition of this book, and the appearance of the first English edition dates even further back to 1.5 decades from now. In both periods many amazing technical innovations were introduced.

The most important invention in the last decades was the smart phone and the tablet PC. Both products have changed the world in general and also the world of broadcasting. Movies, as well as TV and audio broadcast services are now transported via both traditional transmission techniques and smart phones or tablet PCs. Especially the young generation uses more and more the IP-based broadcast technology called ”streaming“.

This current version of the book has been completely revised and extended to the current broadcast technology standards. Practical examples from the introduction phase of DVB-T2 are included as well as new standards like 3DTV, HbbTV, HEVC/H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV Ultra High Definition, 4K, DOCSIS3.1, OTT/streaming, ATSC3.0 and LTE/5G-based broadcast. Concerning audio broadcasting, both its digital aspect such as DAB/DAB+ and its analog form like FM are described.