Digital Communications

ISBN-13: 9781119091257 / Angielski / Twarda / 2017 / 912 str.

Mehmet Safak

Opis

This is a modern textbook on digital communications and is designed for senior undergraduate and graduate students, whilst also providing a valuable reference for those working in the telecommunications industry. It provides a simple and thorough access to a wide range of topics through use of figures, tables, examples and problem sets. The author provides an integrated approach between RF engineering and statistical theory of communications. Intuitive explanations of the theoretical and practical aspects of telecommunications help the reader to acquire a deeper understanding of the topics. The book covers the fundamentals of antennas, channel modelling, receiver system noise, A/D conversion of signals, PCM, baseband transmission, optimum receiver, modulation techniques, error control coding, OFDM, fading channels, diversity and combining techniques, MIMO systems and cooperative communications. It will be an essential reference for all students and practitioners in the electrical engineering field.

This is a modern textbook on digital communications and is designed for senior undergraduate and graduate students, whilst also providing a valuable reference for those working in the telecommunications industry.  It provides a simple and thorough access to a wide range of topics through use of figures, tables, examples and problem sets.

Spis treści

Preface xiv

List of Abbreviations xviii

About the Companion Website xxi

1 Signal Analysis 1

1.1 Relationship Between Time and Frequency Characteristics of Signals 2

1.2 Power Spectal Density (PSD) and Energy Spectral Density (ESD) 15

1.3 Random Signals 18

1.4 Signal Transmission Through Linear Systems 27

References 31

Problems 31

2 Antennas 33

2.1 Hertz Dipole 34

2.2 Linear Dipole Antenna 40

2.3 Aperture Antennas 43

2.4 Isotropic and Omnidirectional Antennas 47

2.5 Antenna Parameters 48

References 78

Problems 78

3 Channel Modeling 82

3.1 Wave Propagation in Low– and Medium–Frequency Bands (Surface Waves) 83

3.2 Wave Propagation in the HF Band (Sky Waves) 84

3.3 Wave Propagation in VHF and UHF Bands 85

3.4 Wave Propagation in SHF and EHF Bands 106

3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 118

3.6 Outdoor Path–Loss Models 123

3.7 Indoor Propagation Models 129

3.8 Propagation in Vegetation 134

References 137

Problems 137

4 Receiver System Noise 145

4.1 Thermal Noise 146

4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature 147

4.3 Noise Figure 150

4.4 External Noise and Antenna Noise Temperature 153

4.5 System Noise Temperature 167

4.6 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 174

References 175

Problems 175

5 Pulse Modulation 184

5.1 Analog–to–Digital Conversion 185

5.2 Time–Division Multiplexing 209

5.3 Pulse–Code Modulation (PCM) Systems 212

5.4 Differential Quantization Techniques 220

References 236

Problems 236

6 Baseband Transmission 245

6.1 The Channel 245

6.2 Matched Filter 249

6.3 Baseband M–ary PAM Transmission 263

6.4 Intersymbol Interference 268

6.5 Nyquist Criterion for Distortionless Baseband Binary Transmission In a ISI Channel 272

6.6 Correlative–Level Coding (Partial–Response Signalling) 278

6.7 Equalization in Digital Transmission Systems 283

References 287

Problems 287

7 Optimum Receiver in AWGN Channel 298

7.1 Introduction 298

7.2 Geometric Representation of Signals 300

7.3 Coherent Demodulation in AWGN Channels 302

7.4 Probability of Error 311

References 319

Problems 319

8 Passband Modulation Techniques 323

8.1 PSD of Passband Signals 324

8.2 Synchronization 327

8.3 Coherently Detected Passband Modulations 332

8.4 Noncoherently Detected Passband Modulations 367

8.5 Comparison of Modulation Techniques 374

References 378

Problems 379

9 Error Control Coding 386

9.1 Introduction to Channel Coding 386

9.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding (MLD) with Hard and Soft Decisions 390

9.3 Linear Block Codes 396

9.4 Cyclic Codes 415

9.5 Burst Error Correction 429

9.6 Convolutional Coding 436

9.7 Concatenated Coding 454

9.8 Turbo Codes 456

9.9 Automatic Repeat–Request (ARQ) 459

Appendix 9A Shannon Limit For Hard–Decision and Soft–Decision Decoding 471

References 473

Problems 473

10 Broadband Transmission Techniques 479

10.1 Spread Spectrum 481

10.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 519

Appendix 10A Frequency Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals 545

Appendix 10B Time Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals 547

Appendix 10C SIR in OFDM systems 548

References 551

Problems 552

11 Fading Channels 557

11.1 Introduction 558

11.2 Characterisation of Multipath Fading Channels 559

11.3 Modeling Fading and Shadowing 582

11.4 Bit Error Probability in Frequency–Nonselective Slowly Fading Channels 604

11.5 Frequency–Selective Slowly–Fading Channels 614

11.6 Resource Allocation in Fading Channels 622

References 626

Problems 626

12 Diversity and Combining Techniques 638

12.1 Antenna Arrays in Non–Fading Channels 640

12.2 Antenna Arrays in Fading Channels 650

12.3 Correlation Effects in Fading Channels 654

12.4 Diversity Order, Diversity Gain and Array Gain 657

12.5 Ergodic and Outage Capacity in Fading Channels 660

12.6 Diversity and Combining 664

References 691

Problems 692

13 MIMO Systems 701

13.1 Channel Classification 702

13.2 MIMO Channels with Arbitrary Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas 703

13.3 Eigenvalues of the Random Wishart Matrix HHH 707

13.4 A 2 × 2 MIMO Channel 718

13.5 Diversity Order of a MIMO System 722

13.6 Capacity of a MIMO System 723

13.7 MIMO Beamforming Systems 730

13.8 Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) in MIMO Systems 734

13.9 Parasitic MIMO Systems 740

13.10 MIMO Systems with Polarization Diversity 748

References 753

Problems 755

14 Cooperative Communications 758

14.1 Dual–Hop Amplify–and–Forward Relaying 759

14.2 Relay Selection in Dual–Hop Relaying 767

14.3 Source and Destination with Multiple Antennas in Dual–Hop AF Relaying 776

14.4 Dual–Hop Detect–and–Forward Relaying 787

14.5 Relaying with Multiple Antennas at Source, Relay and Destination 796

14.6 Coded Cooperation 798

Appendix 14A CDF of eq and eq,0 800

Appendix 14B Average Capacity of eq,0 801

Appendix 14C Rayleigh Approximation for Equivalent SNR with Relay Selection 802

Appendix 14D CDF of eq,a 804

References 806

Problems 807

Appendix A: Vector Calculus in Spherical Coordinates 810

Appendix B: Gaussian Q Function 811

Appendix C: Fourier Transforms 819

Appendix D: Mathematical Tools 821

Appendix E: The Wishart Distribution 834

Appendix F: Probability and Random Variables 844

Index 871