Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays and Neutrons by Fluctuations

ISBN-13: 9783642787676 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 284 str.

Mikhail A. Krivoglaz; O. a. Glebov

Opis

Mikhail Alexandrovich Krivoglaz died unexpectedly when he was preparing the English edition of his two-volume monograph on diffraction and diffuse scattering of X-rays and neutrons in imperfect crystals. His death was a heavy blow to all who knew him, who had worked with him and to the world science community as a whole. The application of the diffraction techniques for the study of imperfections of crystal structures was the major field of Krivoglaz' work throughout his career in science. He started working in the field in the mid-fifties and since then made fundamental contributions to the theory of real crystals. His results have largely determined the current level of knowledge in this field for more than thirty years. Until the very last days of his life, Krivoglaz continued active studies in the physics of diffraction effects in real crystals. His interest in the theory aided in the explanation of the rapidly advancing experimental studies. The milestones marking important stages of his work were the first monograph on the theory of X-ray and neutron scattering in real crystals which was published in Russian in 1967 (a revised English edition in 1969), and the two-volume mono- graph published in Russian in 1983-84 (this edition is the revised translation of the latter).

Spis treści

1. Fluctuation Waves of the Composition and Order Parameters.- 1.1 Order in Solid Solutions and Fluctuations.- 1.2 Thermodynamic Theory for Fluctuation Waves of Concentration and Long-Range Order Parameters in Undistorted Crystals.- 1.2.1 Concentration Fluctuations.- 1.2.2 Fluctuations of Long-Range Order Parameters in One-Component Solutions.- 1.2.3 Fluctuations of Long-Range Order Parameters and Concentration in Solid Solutions.- 1.3 Microscopic Semiphenomenological Theory of Fluctuation Waves in Solid Solutions.- 1.4 Fluctuations of the Order Parameters in Solid Solutions.- 1.5 Static Displacements Caused by Fluctuation Waves of Composition, Order and Correlation Parameters.- 1.5.1 Long-Wavelength Limiting Case.- 1.5.2 Fluctuation Waves of Static Displacements in Concentrated Solutions.- 2. Effects of Long-Range Forces on Fluctuations in Crystals and the Production of Heterogeneous States.- 2.1 Effects Caused by Elastic Interaction.- 2.1.1 Effect of the Elastic Interaction on Fluctuations of Concentration and Order Parameters in Crystals.- 2.1.2 Effect of Elastic Interaction on the Shape of Second-Phase Particles and Metastable Heterogeneous Structures in Two-Phase Systems.- 2.2 Effects of Dipole-Dipole Interaction on Polarization Fluctuations.- 2.3 Fluctuations of the Charged Defect Concentration.- 2.4 Effects of Long-Range Forces on Fluctuation Waves in Metal Alloys.- 2.5 Equilibrium Heterogeneous States with Long-Range Forces.- 2.5.1 Crystal Structures with Large Parameters.- 2.5.2 Heterogenenous States in Metal Systems.- 2.5.3 Heterogeneous States in Semiconductor Systems.- 3. Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays and Neutrons in Solid Solutions and One-Component Ordered Crystals.- 3.1 Diffuse Scattering Intensity in Kinematieal Theory.- 3.2 Diffuse Scattering by Solid Solutions: General Analysis.- 3.3 Diffuse Scattering in Undistorted Solid Solutions.- 3.3.1 Scattering by Homogeneous Solutions, Determination of the Correlation Parameters, Ordering Energies and the Fermi Surface Diameters.- 3.3.2 Scattering by Inhomogeneous Solutions.- 3.4 Diffuse Scattering in Distorted Solid Solutions.- 3.4.1 Scattering Caused by Concentration Fluctuations.- 3.4.2 Diffuse Scattering by Fluctuations of the Correlation Parameters.- 3.5 Analysis of Solid Solutions with Diffraction Techniques Employing Diffuse Scattering.- 3.5.1 Correlation Parameters.- 3.5.2 Ordering Energies and Thermodynamic Properties of a Solution.- 3.5.3 Diffraction Studies of the Kinetics of Diffusion Processes.- 3.5.4 Diffraction Studies of the Fermi Surface in Alloys.- 3.5.5 Analysis of Short-Range Order in Alloys.- 3.6 Diffuse Scattering by Long-Range Order Fluctuations.- 3.6.1 One-Component Crystals.- 3.6.2 Solid Solutions.- 3.6.3 Intrinsic Ferroelectrics.- 3.6.4 Incommensurate Structures.- 3.7 Diffuse Scattering by Ionic Crystals with Charged Defects or Impurities.- 4. Anomalous Scattering Near Second-Order Phase Transitions and Critical Points.- 4.1 Thermodynamic Parameters and Fluctuation Waves Near Second-Order Phase Transitions and Critical Points.- 4.1.1 Landau Theory.- 4.1.2 Fluctuation Range.- 4.2 Diffuse Scattering by Critical Fluctuations in Perfect Crystals...- 4.3 Effects Produced by Dislocations on Second-Order Phase Transitions and Anomalous Scattering.- 4.3.1 Phase Transitions in Crystals with Dislocations.- 4.3.2 Scattering by Long-Range Order Inhomogeneities Produced by Dislocations Near a Second-Order Phase Transition.- Appendix: Calculation of the Mean Squares of the Fourier Components in the Microscopy Theory.- References.

Blurb

In this second volume of his two-volume text on the scattering of x-rays and thermal neutrons from non-ideal (real) crystals, the late Professor M.A. Krivoglaz considers in great detail the general topic of fluctuations in solids and their elucidation through scattering experiments. While Vol. 1 concentrated on defects and imperfections - and introduced a good deal of general formalism - the present volume deals more with equilibrium fluctuations in the various order parameters of a crystal, including concentration, positional, and orientational fluctuations, as well as considering the variety of interactions responsible for the observed (diffuse) scattering patterns. Both theoretical and experimental situations are treated and a wide range of solids, including metals, alloys, semiconductors, and insulators are covered. As in Vol. 1, the experimentalist is certain to find one or another aspect of the fluctuation spectrum for his particular sample treated with the detailed care and insight for which M.A. Krivoglaz is renowned. As we come increasingly to appreciate the importance of disorder in solids, this book will become an indispensible guide to the study of disordered crystals.