Differential Psychophysiology: Persons in Situations

ISBN-13: 9783540548003 / Angielski / Miękka / 1992 / 400 str.

Gerhard Stemmler

Opis

Those interested in the relationships between psychological and physiological functions will again and again be impressed by the fact that great individual differences and large situational variability are manifested in psychophysiological data. Psychophysiology from a differential perspective has been an enduring theme throughout the history of personality and temperament research. However, the present book is the first to bear the word differential in its title. Actually, this monography is not only concerned with psychophysiological personality research, but with a much broader program of systematic investigation. Multivariate research methodology permits one to operationalize physiological response profiles, both with regard to lasting differences between persons and the discrimination of situations. In order to determine functional relationships between person characteristics and situational demands, that is, to determine the processes of stimulus-response mediation, one first needs to systemize these various sources of variance in assessment models and subsequently partition the observed covariance. A series of the author's own investigations in the Hamburg and Freiburg laboratories shows just how fruitful this research approach can be.

Spis treści

A Concepts, Models, and Methods.- 1 Psychophysiology.- 1.1 Definitions and Mind-Body Positions.- 1.2 Place in Psychology.- 1.3 Explanations in Psychology and Psychophysiology.- 1.3.1 Explaining the Physical by the Psychological. The Right Program for Psychology?.- 1.3.2 Levels of Explanation.- 1.4 Constructs.- 1.5 Assessment Models.- 1.5.1 Assessment in the Construction Stage of Constructs.- 1.5.2 Assessment in the Validation Stage of Constructs.- 2 Situation and Person.- 2.1 Epistemology and Definitions of “The Situation”.- 2.2 Determinants of Behavior: Notions in Personality Psychology.- 3 Stimulus-Response Mediation in Psychophysiology.- 3.1 A Model of Stimulus-Response Mediation in Psychophysiology.- 3.2 Notions of Stimulus-Response Mediation in Psychophysiology.- 3.2.1 Comparison of the Proposed with Other Stimulus Response Models.- 3.2.2 Stimulus-Response Mediation in Selected Psychophysiological Research Programs.- 4 Activation.- 4.1 Activation and Psychological Constructs.- 4.2 Activation as a Physiological Descriptor.- 4.3 The Covariation Problem in Psychophysiology.- 5 Autonomic Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.1 Foundations for a Conceptualization of Autonomic Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.1.1 Autonomic Receptors.- 5.1.2 Autonomic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists.- 5.1.3 Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.2 A Model of Autonomic Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.2.1 The Unrestricted Model of Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.2.2 Two Restricted Models of Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.2.3 Consequences of Model Misspecifications.- 5.2.4 Uses of the Cardiovascular Activation Component Model: Towards a Quantitative Evaluation of Task Effects.- 5.2.5 Limitations of the Unrestricted Model of Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.3 Estimation of the Parameters in the Model of Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 5.3.1 Estimation of Parameters Given Complete Autonomic Receptor Blockades.- 5.3.2 Estimation of Parameters Given Incomplete Autonomic Receptor Blockades.- 6 Implications and Interpretations of Psychophysiological Data Treatments.- 6.1 Psychophysiological Response Measures and Measurement Models.- 6.1.1 Response Measures and Their Implied Transfer Functions.- 6.1.2 Estimation of Actual Transfer Functions.- 6.2 Partitioning Psychophysiological Variance.- 6.2.1 Effect Estimates and Measurement Models.- 6.2.2 Specificity of Physiological Responses.- 6.3 Partitioning Psychophysiological Covariance.- 7 The Analysis of Profiles.- 7.1 The Similarity of Profiles.- 7.2 Dimensional Representation of Profiles.- 7.3 Discriminant Analysis of Profiles.- 7.3.1 Discriminant functions.- 7.3.2 Standard Profile Tests in Discriminant Analysis.- 7.3.3 The Visual Interpretation of Profile Vectors in Discriminant Space.- B Selected Research Areas.- 8 Overview of Experimental Studies.- 8.1 Experiment 1.- 8.1.1 Subjects.- 8.1.2 Setting and Apparatus.- 8.1.3 Procedure.- 8.1.4 Physiological Variables.- 8.1.5 Response Scaling.- 8.2 Experiment 2.- 8.2.1 Subjects.- 8.2.2 Setting and Apparatus.- 8.2.3 Procedure.- 8.2.4 Physiological Variables.- 8.2.5 Response Scaling.- 8.3 Experiment 3.- 8.3.1 Subjects.- 8.3.2 Setting and Apparatus.- 8.3.3 Procedure.- 8.3.4 Physiological Variables.- 8.3.5 Response Scaling.- 8.4 Experiment 4.- 8.4.1 Subjects.- 8.4.2 Setting and Apparatus.- 8.4.3 Procedure.- 8.4.4 Physiological Variables.- 8.4.5 Response Scaling.- 9 The Analysis of Activation.- 9.1 Variation and Covariation of Physiological Variables.- 9.1.1 Effect Sizes of Sources of Variation.- 9.1.2 Situational Discriminability.- 9.1.3 Correlations among Physiological Variables within Separate Sources of Variation.- 9.2 Physiological Maps of Situations.- 9.2.1 Situational Maps of Experiment 1.- 9.2.2 Situational Maps of Experiment 2.- 9.2.3 Situational Maps of Experiment 3.- 9.2.4 Situational Maps of Experiment 4.- 9.3 Cardiovascular Autonomic Activation Components.- 9.3.1 Component description.- 9.3.2 Redundancy Analysis.- 9.3.3 Discriminant Analysis.- 9.3.4 Multistage Linear Estimation.- 9.3.5 The Identification of Autonomic Cardiovascular Activation Components: A Summing-Up.- 10 Laboratory Tasks in Cardiovascular Research.- 10.1 A Review of Task Characterizations: Non-Formalized Approaches.- 10.1.1 Mental Arithmetic.- 10.1.2 Cold Pressor.- 10.1.3 Reaction Time Task.- 10.1.4 Loud Noise.- 10.1.5 Speech Activity.- 10.1.6 Handgrip.- 10.1.7 Conclusions.- 10.2 Task Characterization with Putative Cardiovascular Activation Components.- 10.2.1 Analyses by Physiological Variables.- 10.2.2 Componential Task Description.- 10.2.3 Intertask Comparisons.- 11 Research on the Psychophysiology of Personality.- 11.1 Situational Variation and Personality Effects on Activation.- 11.2 Results.- 11.2.1 Experiment 1.- 11.2.2 Experiment 4.- 12 Research on the Psychophysiology of Anger.- 12.1 Research Issues.- 12.2 Results.- 12.2.1 Self-Reports of Emotion.- 12.2.2 Physiological Specificity of Anger.- 12.2.3 Relationship between Feelings and Physiological Activation during Anger Induction.- 13 Looking Back.- References.