Dietary Phenylalanine and Brain Function

ISBN-13: 9781461598237 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 391 str.

Wurtman;Ritter-Walker

Opis

This volume contains the manuscripts of the full papers and posters pre sented at the conference "Dietary Phenylalanine and Brain Function," which took place at the Park Hyatt Hotel, Washington, D.C., on May 8-10, 1987. The conference was organized by a committee that included Drs. Louis Elsas (Emory University, Atlanta), William Pardridge (UCLA), Timothy Maher (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy), Donald Schomer (Harvard), and Richard Wurtman (MIT). It was sponsored by the Center for Brain Sciences and Metabolism Charitable Trust, a foun dation which, during the past few years, had also organized seven other conferences related to interactions between circulating compounds (drugs, nutrients, hormones, toxins) and brain function. The Center's most recent other conferences were on "Melatonin in Humans" (Vienna, Austria; November 1985) and "The Pharmacology of Memory Disorders Associ ated with Aging" (Zurich, Switzerland; January 1987). The decision to organize this conference was based on the perception that major changes had recently occurred in society's uses of phenylalanine and phenylalanine-containing products, and on the belief that a meeting of scientists and physicians who work on the amino acid's neurological effects could both catalyze additional research on these effects and assist regula tory bodies in formulating appropriate public policies relating to the use of these products: phenylalanine, in both its L- and D-forms, has apparently become a popular sales item at "health-food" stores, and thus is now being consumed by a fairly large number of people, in the absence of the other

Spis treści

I. Factors Affecting Blood Phenylalanine Levels.- 1. Control of Plasma Phyenylalanine Levels.- 2. Adrenergic Influence on Plasma and Brain Concentrations of Phenylalanine and Other Large Neutral Amino Acids in Rats.- 3. Effect of Aspartame on Plasma Phenylalanine Concentration in Humans.- 4. Aspartame Consumption in Normal Individuals and Carriers for Phenylketonuria.- II. Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Phenylalanine.- 5. Phenylalanine Transport at the Human Blood-Brain Barrier.- 6. Regional Transport of Phenylalanine and Other Neutral Amino Acids Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.- 7. Dual Role of Transport Competition in Amino Acid Deprivation of the Central Nervous System by Hyperphenylalaninemia.- III. Effects of Aspartame on Brain Monoamines and Seizure Thresholds in Experimental Animals.- 8. An In Vivo Study of Dopamine Release in Striatum: The Effects of Phenylalanine.- 9. Effects of Aspartame Ingestion on Large Neutral Amino Acids and Monoamine Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System.- 10. Aspartame, Phenylalanine, and Seizures in Experimental Animals.- 11. Behavioral and Neurological Effects of Aspartame.- 12. Role of Monoamines in Seizure Predisposition in the Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rat.- 13. Aspartame Administration Decreases the Entry of ?-Methyldopa into the Brain of Rats.- 14. The Effect of Aspartame on 50% Convulsion Doses of Lidocaine.- 15. Studies on the Susceptibility to Convulsions in Animals Receiving Abuse Doses of Aspartame.- 16. General Discussion: Calculation of the Aspartame Dose for Rodents that Produces Neurochemical Effects Comparable to Those Occurring in People.- IV. Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Effects of Aspartame and Phenylalanine in Humans: Possible Involvement in Seizure Thresholds.- 17. Monoamines and Seizures in Humans.- 18. The Possible Role of Aspartame in Seizure Induction.- 19. Effects of Aspartame on Seizures in Children.- 20. Aspartame and Human Behavior: Cognitive and Behavioral Observations.- 21. Effects of High Plasma Phenylalanine Concentration in Older Early-Treated PKU Patients: Performance, Neurotransmitter Synthesis, and EEG Mean Power Frequency.- 22. Changes in Physiological Concentrations of Blood Phenylalanine Produce Changes in Sensitive Parameters of Human Brain Function.- 23. The Effects of Aspartame on Human Mood, Performance, and Plasma Amino Acid Levels.- 24. Aspartame and Behavior in Children.- 25. Responses to Carbohydrate Consumption Among Insulin-Dependent Diabetics.- V. Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Aspartame and Phenylalanine in Patients with Phenylketonuria and Hyperphenylalaninemia.- 26. Epidemiology and Natural History of Phenylketonuria and Other Hyperphenylalaninemias.- 27. Reconsidering the Genetics of Phenylketonuria: Evidence from Molecular Genetics.- 28. Effect of Phenylalanine on Brain Maturation: Implications for the Treatment of Patients with Phenylketonuria.- 29. Patterns of Phenylalanine Metabolites, Vitamin B6 Status, and Learning Disabilities in Phenylketonuria Children: Modeling for Diet Criteria.- 30. The Neurotoxic Metabolite of Phenylalanine in Phenylketonuria.- 31. Increased Vigilance and Dopamine Synthesis Effected by Large Doses of Tyrosine in Phenylketonuria.- 32. Effect of Dietary Tryptophan Supplement on Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Phenylketonuria.- 33. Effect of Aspartame in Diabetic Rats.- 34. Maternal Phenylketonuria Collaborative Study (MPKUCS): USA and Canada.- VI. Aspartame and Food Intake.- 35. Effects of Aspartame on Appetite and Food Intake.- 36. Effects of Phenylalanine and Aspartame on Mealtime Food Intake and Behavior in Adult Males.- VII. Aspartame and Headache.- 37. Aspartame and Headache.- 38. The Effect of Aspartame Consumption on Migraine Headache: Preliminary Results.- 39. Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Aspartame Reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.- VIII. Regulatory Status of Phenylalanine as a Nutritional Supplement.- 40. Facts and Myths Related to the Use and Regulation of Phenylalanine and Other Amino Acids.- 41. Perspectives of the Health-Food Industry on the Use of Pure Phenylalanine.- IX. Regulatory Status of Aspartame and Other Artificial Sweeteners.- 42. Regulation of Food Additives with Neurotoxic Potential.- 43. Regulatory Aspects of the Use of Low-Calorie Intensive Sweeteners.- 44. Resources for Inferential Estimates of Aspartame Intake in the United States.- 45. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Behavioral Reactions to Aspartame in 505 Aspartame Reactors.- 46. Public Policy and Food Additives: The NutraSweet Controversy.- 47. The Regulatory Process and Aspartame: Why the Controversy?.- X. Summary.- Conference on Dietary Phenylalanine and Brain Function, May 8–10, 1987, Washington, DC.