Part I Introduction: 1. Introduction: Turkish Muslim "Theology" and Religion in Turkey; 2. Roots and Authorities: Resituating Revisionist and Ankara Paradigms in Light of Other Authorities; Part II The Individual and Authority in Dialectical Continuity: 3. Alpya??l’s Case for Canon; 4. Inclusions and the Role of the Individual; Part III A Theological Anthropology of Empowerment: 5. Düzgün’s Case for a Religion of Freedom; 6. Human Agency, Responsibility, and Ta w??d; Part IV Conclusions: 7. From Dialectics to Direct Address: Turkish Theologians on Atheism and Other Religions; 8. Conclusion: Reflections on Turkish Islam, Modernity, and Dialogue; Bibliography; Index.