Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach

ISBN-13: 9781119646297 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 560 str.

Jay A. Puckett

Spis treści

Part I General Aspects of Bridge DesignChapter 1 Introduction To Bridge Engineering 31.1 A Bridge Is the Key Element in a Transportation System 31.2 Bridge Engineering in the United States 31.2.1 Stone Arch Bridges 31.2.2 Wooden Bridges 41.2.3 Metal Truss Bridges 61.2.4 Suspension Bridges 81.2.5 Metal Arch Bridges 101.2.6 Reinforced Concrete Bridges 121.2.7 Girder Bridges 131.2.8 Closing Remarks 141.3 Bridge Engineer--Planner, Architect, Designer, Constructor, and Facility Manager 15References 15Problems 15Chapter 2 Specifications and Bridge Failures 172.1 Bridge Specifications 172.2 Implication of Bridge Failures on Practice 182.2.1 Silver Bridge, Point Pleasant, West Virginia, December 15, 1967 182.2.2 I-5 and I-210 Interchange, San Fernando, California, February 9, 1971 192.2.3 Sunshine Skyway, Tampa Bay, Florida, May 9, 1980 212.2.4 Mianus River Bridge, Greenwich, Connecticut, June 28, 1983 222.2.5 Schoharie Creek Bridge, Amsterdam, New York, April 5, 1987 242.2.6 Cypress Viaduct, Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 252.2.7 I-35W Bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 1, 2007 262.2.8 Failures during Construction 302.2.9 Failures Continue and Current Data 302.2.10 Evolving Bridge Engineering Practice 51References 51Problems 51Chapter 3 Bridge Aesthetics 533.1 Introduction 533.2 Nature of the Structural Design Process 533.2.1 Description and Justification 533.2.2 Public and Personal Knowledge 543.2.3 Regulation 543.2.4 Design Process 553.3 Aesthetics in Bridge Design 563.3.1 Definition of Aesthetics 563.3.2 Qualities of Aesthetic Design 573.3.3 Practical Guidelines for Medium- and Short-Span Bridges 673.3.4 Computer Modeling 753.3.5 Web References 793.3.6 Closing Remarks on Aesthetics 79References 79Problems 80Chapter 4 Bridge Types and Selection 814.1 Main Structure below the Deck Line 814.2 Main Structure above the Deck Line 814.3 Main Structure Coincides with the Deck Line 844.4 Closing Remarks on Bridge Types 874.5 Selection of Bridge Type 874.5.1 Factors To Be Considered 874.5.2 Bridge Types Used for Different Span Lengths 894.5.3 Closing Remarks 92References 93Problems 93Chapter 5 Design Limit States 955.1 Introduction 955.2 Development of Design Procedures 955.2.1 Allowable Stress Design 955.2.2 Variability of Loads 965.2.3 Shortcomings of Allowable Stress Design 965.2.4 Load and Resistance Factor Design 975.3 Design Limit States 975.3.1 General 975.3.2 Service Limit State 995.3.3 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 995.3.4 Strength Limit State 1005.3.5 Extreme Event Limit State 1015.3.6 Construction Limit States 1025.4 Closing Remarks 102References 102Problems 103Chapter 6 Principles of Probabilistic Design 1056.1 Introduction 1056.1.1 Frequency Distribution and Mean Value 1056.1.2 Standard Deviation 1056.1.3 Probability Density Functions 1066.1.4 Bias Factor 1076.1.5 Coefficient of Variation 1076.1.6 Probability of Failure 1086.1.7 Safety Index beta 1096.2 Calibration of LRFD Code 1116.2.1 Overview of the Calibration Process 1116.2.2 Calibration Using Reliability Theory 1116.2.3 Calibration of Fitting with ASD 1156.3 Closing Remarks 116References 116Problems 116Chapter 7 Geometric Design Considerations 1197.1 Introduction to Geometric Roadway Considerations 1197.2 Roadway Widths 1197.3 Vertical Clearances 1207.4 Interchanges 120References 121Problem 121Part II Loads and AnalysisChapter 8 Loads 1258.1 Introduction 1258.2 Gravity Loads 1258.2.1 Permanent Loads 1258.2.2 Transient Loads 1268.3 Lateral Loads 1388.3.1 Fluid Forces 1388.3.2 Seismic Loads 1418.3.3 Ice Forces 1458.4 Forces Due to Deformations 1508.4.1 Temperature 1508.4.2 Creep and Shrinkage 1528.4.3 Settlement 1528.5 Collision Loads 1528.5.1 Vessel Collision 1528.5.2 Rail Collision 1528.5.3 Vehicle Collision 1528.6 Blast Loading 1528.7 Summary 153References 153Problems 154Chapter 9 Influence Functions and Girder-Line Analysis 1559.1 Introduction 1559.2 Definition 1559.3 Statically Determinate Beams 1569.3.1 Concentrated Loads 1569.3.2 Uniform Loads 1589.4 Muller-Breslau Principle 1599.4.1 Betti's Theorem 1599.4.2 Theory of Muller-Breslau Principle 1609.4.3 Qualitative Influence Functions 1619.5 Statically Indeterminate Beams 1619.5.1 Integration of Influence Functions 1649.5.2 Relationship between Influence Functions 1649.5.3 Muller-Breslau Principle for End Moments 1679.5.4 Automation by Matrix Structural Analysis 1689.6 Normalized Influence Functions 1709.7 AASHTO Vehicle Loads 1709.8 Influence Surfaces 1789.9 Summary 179References 180Problems 180Chapter 10 System Analysis--Introduction 18310.1 Introduction 18310.2 Safety of Methods 18510.2.1 Equilibrium for Safe Design 18510.2.2 Stress Reversal and Residual Stress 18710.2.3 Repetitive Overloads 18810.2.4 Fatigue and Serviceability 19110.3 Summary 192References 192Problem 192Chapter 11 System Analysis--Gravity Loads 19311.1 Slab Girder Bridges 19311.2 Slab Bridges 21511.3 Slabs in Slab Girder Bridges 21911.4 Box Girder Bridges 22811.5 Closing Remarks 234References 234Problems 235Chapter 12 System Analysis--Lateral, Temperature, Shrinkage, and Prestress Loads 23712.1 Lateral Load Analysis 23712.1.1 Wind Loads 23712.1.2 Seismic Load Analysis 23812.2 Temperature, Shrinkage, and Prestress 24012.2.1 General 24012.2.2 Prestressing 24112.2.3 Temperature Effects 24112.2.4 Shrinkage and Creep 24412.3 Closing Remarks 244References 245Part III Concrete BridgesChapter 13 Reinforced Concrete Material Response and Properties 24913.1 Introduction 24913.2 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Material Response 24913.3 Constituents of Fresh Concrete 25013.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 25213.4.1 Short-Term Properties of Concrete 25213.4.2 Long-Term Properties of Concrete 25713.5 Properties of Steel Reinforcement 26113.5.1 Nonprestressed Steel Reinforcement 26213.5.2 Prestressing Steel 263References 265Problems 266Chapter 14 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members 26714.1 Limit States 26714.1.1 Service Limit State 26714.1.2 Fatigue Limit State 27014.1.3 Strength Limit State 27314.1.4 Extreme Event Limit State 27414.2 Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members 27514.2.1 Depth to Neutral Axis for Beams with Bonded Tendons 27514.2.2 Depth to Neutral Axis for Beams with Unbonded Tendons 27714.2.3 Nominal Flexural Strength 27814.2.4 Ductility, Maximum Tensile Reinforcement, and Resistance Factor Adjustment 28014.2.5 Minimum Tensile Reinforcement 28314.2.6 Loss of Prestress 28314.3 Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members 28814.3.1 Variable-Angle Truss Model 28914.3.2 Modified Compression Field Theory 29014.3.3 Shear Design Using Modified Compression Field Theory 29714.4 Closing Remarks 305References 305Problems 306Chapter 15 Concrete Barrier Strength and Deck Design 30715.1 Concrete Barrier Strength 30715.1.1 Strength of Uniform Thickness Barrier Wall 30715.1.2 Strength of Variable Thickness Barrier Wall 30915.1.3 Crash Testing of Barriers 30915.2 Concrete Deck Design 309References 326Problems 326Chapter 16 Concrete Design Examples 32716.1 Solid Slab Bridge Design 32716.2 T-Beam Bridge Design 33516.3 Prestressed Girder Bridge 353References 371Part IV Steel BridgesChapter 17 Steel Bridges 37517.1 Introduction 37517.2 Material Properties 37517.2.1 Steelmaking Process: Traditional 37517.2.2 Steelmaking Process: Mini Mills 37617.2.3 Steelmaking Process: Environmental Considerations 37617.2.4 Production of Finished Products 37717.2.5 Residual Stresses 37717.2.6 Heat Treatments 37817.2.7 Classification of Structural Steels 37817.2.8 Effects of Repeated Stress (Fatigue) 38317.2.9 Brittle Fracture Considerations 38417.3 Summary 386References 386Problem 386Chapter 18 Limit States and General Requirements 38718.1 Limit States 38718.1.1 Service Limit State 38718.1.2 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 38818.1.3 Strength Limit States 39918.1.4 Extreme Event Limit State 39918.2 General Design Requirements 39918.2.1 Effective Length of Span 40018.2.2 Dead-Load Camber 40018.2.3 Minimum Thickness of Steel 40018.2.4 Diaphragms and Cross Frames 40018.2.5 Lateral Bracing 400References 401Problems 401Chapter 19 Steel Component Resistance 40319.1 Tensile Members 40319.1.1 Types of Connections 40319.1.2 Tensile Resistance--Specifications 40319.1.3 Strength of Connections for Tension Members 40619.2 Compression Members 40619.2.1 Column Stability--Behavior 40619.2.2 Inelastic Buckling--Behavior 40819.2.3 Compressive Resistance--Specifications 40919.2.4 Connections for Compression Members 41219.3 I-Sections in Flexure 41219.3.1 General 41219.3.2 Yield Moment and Plastic Moment 41519.3.3 Stability Related to Flexural Resistance 42119.3.4 Limit States 43219.3.5 Summary of I-Sections in Flexure 43419.3.6 Closing Remarks on I-Sections in Flexure 43419.4 Shear Resistance of I-Sections 43819.4.1 Beam Action Shear Resistance 43819.4.2 Tension Field Action Shear Resistance 44019.4.3 Combined Shear Resistance 44219.4.4 Shear Resistance of Unstiffened Webs 44319.5 Shear Connectors 44419.5.1 Fatigue Limit State for Stud Connectors 44419.5.2 Strength Limit State for Stud Connectors 44519.6 Stiffeners 44919.6.1 Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners 44919.6.2 Bearing Stiffeners 451References 453Problems 453Chapter 20 Steel Design Examples 45520.1 Noncomposite Rolled Steel Beam Bridge 45520.2 Composite Rolled Steel Beam Bridge 46520.3 Multiple-Span Composite Steel Plate Girder Beam Bridge 47320.3.1 Problem Statement Example 20.3 473References 509Appendix A Influence Functions For Deck Analysis 511Appendix B Transverse Deck Moments Per AASHTO Appendix A4 513Appendix C Metal Reinforcement Information 515Appendix D Refined Estimate of Time-Dependent Losses 517References 522Appendix E NCHRP 12-33 Project Team 523Task Groups 523Appendix F Live-Load Distribution--Rigid Method 525Index 527

O autorze

The late RICHARD M. BARKER, PhD, PE, was Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Dr. Barker spent more than fifty years as a structural designer, project engineer, researcher, and teacher.JAY A. PUCKETT, PhD, PE, is a Charles W. and Margre H. Durham Distinguished Professor and Director of The Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Dr. Puckett is also an Emeritus Professor at the University of Wyoming and President of BridgeTech, Inc. in Laramie, WY, a consulting firm that specializes in software development for bridge engineering.