Design and Order: Perceptual Experience of Built Form - Principles in the Planning and Making of Place

ISBN-13: 9781119539513 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 656 str.

Nigel C. Lewis

Spis treści

Outline xixPreface xxiiiSection I The Environment 1Part I The Environment - Natural, Ecological and Historical (Topography) 31 Natural Sites and Places 51.1 Nature and Landscape 51.2 Natural Places and Characteristics 51.3 Creation of Man-Made Places 61.4 Existential Space and Place 71.5 Natural Landscape and Sensing 9Further Reading 102 Ecological and Climatic Context and Basic Protection Needs 112.1 Primitive Needs 112.2 Climatic Zones and Natural Materials for Shelter 112.3 Shelter Types, Uses and Purposes 132.4 Socio-Cultural Factors and Human Needs 142.5 Theory of Human Needs 15Exhibit 2.1 Basic Human Needs 18Further Reading 193 Historical and Regional Development 213.1 Historic Eras and Development 213.2 Regional Variations, Early Cultures and Settlements 223.3 Topography, Climate and Materials - Form Determinants 23Exhibit 3.1 Individual Dwelling Types 24Further Reading 27Section II Human Behaviour and Design 29Part II Human Behaviour (Neuro-Physiology) 314 The Brain, the Mind and Sensing 334.1 The Brain and Neurological Systems - Seeing, Touching and Hearing 334.2 Seeing - Visual Processing and Memory 334.3 Touching and Hearing 354.4 The Mind - Mental Learning and Thinking - Cognition 364.5 The Mind - Visceral Feelings - Emotion and Motivation 384.6 Consciousness and Self 394.7 Human Body and the Sensing of Form 404.8 Meaning, Intentionality and Imagination 414.9 Metaphor and Consciousness 42Exhibit 4.1 The Human Brain - Neurological Sensing 45Further Reading 525 The Eyes and the Visual System 555.1 Visual Perception 555.2 Visual World and Visual Field 575.3 Visual Perception and Affordances 615.4 Perceptual Experience - Visual System 625.5 Visual System and Optic Arrays 635.6 Recognition, Eye Movements and Analogue Theory 65Exhibit 5.1 The Human Eye 66Exhibit 5.2 Affordances 72Exhibit 5.3 Perspective - Sensory Shifts 73Further Reading 746 The Senses 756.1 The System of Senses 756.2 The Senses 766.3 Further Senses 786.4 The Senses and Multi-Sensory Experience 816.5 Multi-Sensory Emotions, Feelings and Aspirations 836.6 Pleasure 85Exhibit 6.1 The Human Ear 86Exhibit 6.2 The Human Senses 88Further Reading 89Part III Perceptual Experience of Form (Psychology and Phenomenology) 917 Aesthetic Theories and Perception of Built Form 937.1 Perception 937.2 Theories of Perception 937.3 Schematisation and Phenomena 947.4 Equilibrium, Wholes and Re-centring 967.5 Parts and the 'Whole' 967.6 Perceptual Properties 987.7 Perception of Form 987.8 Psychology of Form 997.9 Dynamics of Space 1007.10 Perception and Cognition 1027.11 Meaning and Symbols 1047.12 Synopsis - Perceptual Experience 106Exhibit 7.1 Principles of Configuration 108Exhibit 7.2 Perspective 111Further Reading 113Part IV Grammar and Syntax of Form, and Composition 1158 Architectural Ordering, Composition, Form and Beauty 1178.1 Order 1178.2 Grammar of Design and Syntax 1188.3 Composition and Characteristics 1228.4 Rhythm and Harmony 1248.5 Purposiveness 1258.6 Objects and Arrangements 1258.7 Composition and Type 1268.8 Ways of Ordering 1278.9 Objective Properties 129Exhibit 8.1 Principles of Composition 130Exhibit 8.2 Basic Rules of Composition for Order and Unity 132Further Reading 140Part V Planning and Design Process, and Programme Requirements (Methodology) 1419 Design Framework, Methods and Approaches 1439.1 Problem Formulation 1439.2 Setting 1439.3 Fitness and Fit 1449.4 Self-Conscious Design Approach 1459.5 Affordances and Behaviour Settings 1469.6 Programme Requirements 1469.7 Designing and Design Approaches 1479.8 Design Process, Reflection and Appraisal 1499.9 Intended Results and Evaluation 1559.10 Design of 'Good' Form 157Exhibit 9.1 Nature of Design Requirements, Invention and Making 158Exhibit 9.2 Modern Design Approach - Programme, Brief and Process 161Further Reading 16410 'Pattern Language' Approach 16710.1 Form Language 16710.2 Order and Life - 'Wholeness' 16910.3 Life-Creating Transformations of Centres 17110.4 Language of Form 17310.5 Fundamental Maxim - 'Unity' of the 'Whole' 175Exhibit 10.1 Pattern Language - Properties 176Exhibit 10.2 Rules of Scale in Order 180Exhibit 10.3 Ambience 184Exhibit 10.4 'Well' Building 186Further Reading 188Section III Form, Function and Fit 189Part VI Form and Fit 19111 Physical Built Form in Space 19311.1 Form - Mass and Spatial Volume 19311.2 Transformation of Form 19311.3 Additive Form 19411.4 Integration of Forms 19611.5 Form and Space 19611.6 Horizontal Planes 19711.7 Vertical Planes 19711.8 Architectural Space, Enclosures and Vistas 20011.9 Spatial Qualities and Layout 20111.10 Light, Sound and Atmospheric Qualities in Built Form 202Exhibit 11.1 Principles of Articulation and Conjugation 204Further Reading 20512 Geometrical Layout and Organisation - Axes, Shapes and Repeating Patterns 20712.1 Datum and Axes 20712.2 Ordering Principles 20712.3 Hierarchy and Scale 20812.4 Rhythm and Repetition 20812.5 Symmetry 20812.6 Transformations 20912.7 Generative Design Processes 21112.8 Fractals 21212.9 Other Forms of Geometry - Non-Euclidean 21212.10 Patterns of Repeating Elements for Decoration 213Exhibit 12.1 Principles in the Design of Decorative, Geometric and Motif Patterns 214Further Reading 21613 Proportion, Symmetry and Harmony 21713.1 Proportion - History 21713.2 Proportion and Physical Relationships 22013.3 Symmetry 22013.4 Human Proportions 22213.5 Room Proportions 22213.6 Regulating Lines 22413.7 Latent Geometric Relationships 22613.8 Good Proportioning 22613.9 Anthropometrics and Human Factors 22713.10 Scale 22713.11 Harmony 22813.12 Expressions of Form 229Exhibit 13.1 Principles of Proportion and Symmetry 230Exhibit 13.2 Types of Series, Proportion, Symmetry and Natural Growth 233Exhibit 13.3 Principles of Rhythm and Harmony 249Exhibit 13.4 Essay on Harmony as It Relates to Building - Robert Morris 251Exhibit 13.5 Musical Harmony 252Exhibit 13.6 Rhythm and Syncopation in Built Form by Era 257Further Reading 258Photos 25914 Organisational Forms and Layout 26114.1 Linear Organisation 26114.2 Centralised Organisation 26114.3 Radial Organisation 26114.4 Grid 26214.5 Clustered Organisation 26314.6 Interior Enclosed Space 264Exhibit 14.1 Principles of Organisation and Arrangement 265Exhibit 14.2 The Modulor 267Exhibit 14.3 Japanese Design Arrangements for Dwelling 271Further Reading 27215 Functional Purpose and Use of Space 27515.1 Function 27515.2 Utility, Significance and Purposefulness 27515.3 Use, Activities and Spatial Requirements 27515.4 Structural System and Components 27615.5 Materials 27715.6 Personal Space 27815.7 Territoriality 27915.8 Defensible Space 280Exhibit 15.1 Principles of Function and Purpose 283Exhibit 15.2 Purposiveness 285Exhibit 15.3 Principles of Universal Design 286Further Reading 28616 Circulation, Plan and Elevation 28716.1 Approach 28716.2 Entrance 28716.3 Dynamic Spatial Experience 28816.4 Configuration for Communication 28916.5 Access Paths 28916.6 Internal Circulation 28916.7 Stairs and Staircases 29016.8 Built Section 290Exhibit 16.1 Principles of Communication and Circulation 292Further Reading 29317 Colour and Contrast 29517.1 Light and Spectrum 29517.2 Colour Pigments 29517.3 Pigments for Printing 29717.4 Complementary Colours 29917.5 Features of Colour 30017.6 Colour Circle, Sphere and Star 30317.7 Perceptual Basis of Colour 30417.8 Colour Interaction 30717.9 Colour Serialisation 308Exhibit 17.1 Principles of Colour and Contrast 309Exhibit 17.2 Colour Parameters and Principles 311Exhibit 17.3 Contrast in Colour 317Further Reading 319Part VII Building Structure and Types 32118 Structure 32318.1 Beginnings 32318.2 Laws of Nature 32318.3 Lateral Stability 32418.4 Materials 32418.5 Design Methods 32518.6 Connections and Jointing 32518.7 Structural Types 32618.8 Maintainability and Sustainability 32818.9 Generative Parametrics 32818.10 Resiliency 328Exhibit 18.1 Principles of Structure 329Further Reading 331Photos 331Section IV Built and Urban Form 335Part VIII 'Good' Practice - Built Form 33719 Buildings and Dwellings 33919.1 Space and Human Interaction 33919.2 Creation of 'Place' 34019.3 'Good' Building 34119.4 Built Form Determinants 34219.5 Re-Use 34519.6 Use Types of Buildings 34619.7 Goals of 'Good' Built Form 347Exhibit 19.1 Principles of Assembly - Built Form 349Exhibit 19.2 Selective Modern 'Good' Building Practice by Use Type 352Exhibit 19.3 Examples of Built Type Forms 354Exhibit 19.4 Modern Movements and Practitioners 358Exhibit 19.5 Iconic Modern Buildings 360Exhibit 19.6 Modern Iconic US Buildings 365Further Reading 368Photos 368Part IX 'Good' Practice - Urban Form 37520 Urban Form 37720.1 Form Determinants in Urban Settlements - Natural and Man-Made Features 37720.2 Historical Developments 37920.3 Different Regional and Cultural Typologies 38120.4 Multi-Nucleus and Mixed Development 38320.5 Modern Developments 38520.6 Elements of Urban Form 38620.7 Legibility 38820.8 Organisation 38920.9 Life Space and Topology 39120.10 Urban Form and Life 39120.11 Layout of Urban Neighbourhoods 39320.12 Development 39520.13 'Good' City Form 39620.14 Urban 'Open' Forms 39820.15 Goals of 'Good' Urban Form 398Exhibit 20.1 Principles of Emplacement - Urban Form 400Exhibit 20.2 Urban Space Requirements 403Exhibit 20.3 Selective Modern 'Good' Urbanistic Practice 406Exhibit 20.4 Urban Type Forms by Use Purpose 410Further Reading 411Photos 412Summary 419Bibliography 423Appendices - Part I 433Appendix I.3.1 Ancient Settings - Europe, Near East, Asia and Americas 435I.3.1.1 Neolithic Age 10 000-3000 BC - Mid East and Europe 435I.3.1.2 Bronze Age 3000-1000 BC - Europe and Mid East 436I.3.1.3 Ancient Iron Age 1000 BC to 0 AD - Mid East 437I.3.1.4 Early Age 0-1000 AD - Europe and Mid East 439I.3.1.5 Mesoamerica to 1500 AD 440I.3.1.6 North America to 1500 AD 440I.3.1.7 Asia and the Orient to 1500 AD 441I.3.1.8 Africa to 1500 AD 443I.3.1.9 Europe - Mediaeval Cities After 1000 AD 443Further Reading 444Photos 444Appendix I.3.2 Ancient City Places 449Further Reading 451Appendices - Part II 453Appendix II.6.1 Feelings of Space and Form in the Environment 455II.6.1.1 Natural Light 455II.6.1.2 Movement 455II.6.1.3 Complementarity of Form 456II.6.1.4 Balance 457II.6.1.5 Individuality 457II.6.1.6 Opaque Geometry and Occlusion 457II.6.1.7 Sense of Spatial Perception 458II.6.1.8 Form Sensing 459Further Reading 459Appendix II.6.2 Artificial Perception 461Further Reading 462Appendices - Part IV 463Appendix IV.8.1 'The Classical Orders' 465IV.8.1.1 The Orders 465IV.8.1.2 Tuscan 467IV.8.1.3 Doric 467IV.8.1.4 Ionic 467IV.8.1.5 Corinthian 467IV.8.1.6 Composite 468IV.8.1.7 Entasis 469IV.8.1.8 Composition 469IV.8.1.9 Language - Elements of Architecture 470Further Reading 471Photos 471Appendix IV.8.2 Aesthetic Judgement and Beauty 473IV.8.2.1 Utility and Delight 473IV.8.2.2 Qualities 473IV.8.2.3 Beauty 474IV.8.2.4 Assessment of Beauty 475IV.8.2.5 Interest and State of 'Disinterestedness' 476IV.8.2.6 Form and Elegance 476IV.8.2.7 Aesthetic Theories and Self-Conscious Design 478IV.8.2.8 Sense of Beauty as Described in Different Eras 478Further Reading 481Appendices - Part V 483Appendix V.9.1 Design Methods - Comparative Historical Design Approaches and Pedagogy 485V.9.1.1 Classical Design 486V.9.1.2 Renaissance Design 486V.9.1.3 European Design Methods 487V.9.1.4 Modern International Design Methods 491V.9.1.5 Purist Design 493V.9.1.6 Rational Geometric Design 496V.9.1.7 Organicist Design 497V.9.1.8 Modern Design Methods and Systems Approach 500V.9.1.9 Generative Computerised Design 502Further Reading 504Appendix V.10.1 Pattern Language - Design and Human Needs (Illustration) 505Further Reading 508Appendices - Part VI 509Appendix VI.13.1 Decoration - Patterns, Features, Motifs and Geometrics of Repeating Elements 511VI.13.1.1 Decoration - Materials, Methods and Techniques 511VI.13.1.2 Features 512VI.13.1.3 Pattern Groups - Floral, Figurative, Geometric and Representational 512VI.13.1.4 Pattern Arrangements - Lattices, Powdering, Borders and Features 514VI.13.1.5 Emergent Forms 517VI.13.1.6 Special Motifs and Symbols 521Further Reading 524Appendix VI.13.2 Ornament in Earlier Times and Historic Era 525VI.13.2.1 Antiquity 525VI.13.2.2 Mediaeval 526VI.13.2.3 The Renaissance 527VI.13.2.4 Recent 527VI.13.2.5 'General principles in the arrangement of form and colour in architecture and the decorative arts', - The Grammar of Ornament - Owen Jones 529VI.13.2.6 Moresque Principles of Ornament - Owen Jones 531Further Reading 534Appendices - Part VIII 535Appendix VIII.19.1 Building Materials and House Types in Vernacular Britain 537VIII.19.1.1 Walling 537VIII.19.1.2 Roofing 540VIII.19.1.3 Types - Plan and Section 542Further Reading 546Photos 547Appendix VIII.19.2 Building Elements and Features 553VIII.19.2.1 Floors, Walls and Ceilings 553VIII.19.2.2 Windows and Doors 554VIII.19.2.3 Mouldings 554VIII.19.2.4 Assembly 555Further Reading 555Photos 556Appendix VIII.19.3 Architectural Styles, Periods and Practitioners 565VIII.19.3.1 Western Architecture 565VIII.19.3.2 Religious Periods 566VIII.19.3.3 Composition Methods - Theorists and Key Practitioners by Era 567Appendix VIII.19.4 Historic Ecclesiastic and Civic Buildings; Geometric Modern and Iconic Modern US Buildings 569VIII.19.4.1 Historic Ecclesiastical Buildings 569VIII.19.4.2 Historic Civic Buildings 571Photos 574VIII.19.4.3 Modern Geometric Buildings 581VIII.19.4.4 Modern Iconic Tower Buildings 588Appendices - Part IX 593Appendix IX.20.1 Urban Places 595IX.20.1.1 Urban City Form - Historic Places 595IX.20.1.2 Modern 20th Century Places 598Appendix IX.20.2 Sustaining Principles 601IX.20.2.1 'Ten Theses on Architecture' - Rob Krier 601IX.20.2.2 'Ten Principles on Which We Can Build' - HRH The Prince of Wales 602IX.20.2.3 'The Hannover Principles' - Expo 2000World Fair, William McDonough 603IX.20.2.4 'One Planet - Living Communities Programme' 604IX.20.2.5 Biophilic Design Principles 605Further Reading 610Appendix IX.20.3 Urban Settlement Models and Patterns 611IX.20.3.1 Urban Form and Use Types 611IX.20.3.2 Urban Layout Principles 613IX.20.3.3 Organising Features 614IX.20.3.4 Building Form Types 616Index 617

O autorze

NIGEL C. LEWIS is a designer initially trained at Arup, and he has been responsible for and involved in the planning, design, development and project management of major buildings and infrastructure projects worldwide. He holds a Master of City Planning (MCP) from the University of Pennsylvania, Master of Arts (MA Oxon) in Engineering Science & Economics and is a Chartered Engineer and Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Member of the Royal Town Planning Institute, and Member of the American Institute of Certified Planners.