Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour: Normative and Descriptive Approaches

ISBN-13: 9789048140473 / Angielski / Miękka / 2010 / 436 str.

Anatol Rapoport

Opis

This book presents the content of a year's course in decision processes for third and fourth year students given at the University of Toronto. A principal theme of the book is the relationship between normative and descriptive decision theory. The distinction between the two approaches is not clear to everyone, yet it is of great importance. Normative decision theory addresses itself to the question of how people ought to make decisions in various types of situations, if they wish to be regarded (or to regard themselves) as 'rational'. Descriptive decision theory purports to describe how people actually make decisions in a variety of situations. Normative decision theory is much more formalized than descriptive theory. Especially in its advanced branches, normative theory makes use of mathematicallanguage, mode of discourse, and concepts. For this reason, the definitions of terms encountered in normative decision theory are precise, and its deductions are rigorous. Like the terms and assertions of other branches of mathematics, those of mathematically formalized decision theory need not refer to anything in the 'real', i. e. the observable, world. The terms and assertions can be interpreted in the context of models of real li fe situations, but the verisimilitude of the models is not important. They are meant to capture only the essentials of adecision situation, which in reallife may be obscured by complex details and ambiguities. It is these details and ambiguities, however, that may be crucial in determining the outcomes of the decisions.

Spis treści

I: Decisions Involving a Single Actor.- 1 Orders and Scales.- 2 Optimization.- 3 Decisions under Uncertainty.- 4 Decisions under Risk.- 5 Subjective Aspects of Risk.- 6 Multi-objective Decisions.- 7 Theory of Social Choice.- 8 Individual Psychology of Decision-making.- II: Non-Cooperative Games.- 9 Two-person Constant Sum Games.- 10 Some Topics in Continuous Games.- 11 Two-person Non-constant Sum Games.- 12 Psychological Pressures in Non-cooperative Games.- 13 Theory of Voting.- 14 Social Traps.- III: Collective Decisions.- 15 Two-person Cooperative Games.- 16 N-person Cooperative Games.- 17 The Allocation Problem.- 18 Indices of Power.- 19 Theories of Coalition Formation.- 20 Psychology of Collective Decision-making.- Concluding Remarks.- Appendix A Glossary of Symbols and Terms.- References.