1. Conduct of Code: A Historical Overview of Cyberspace in MENA, Paul Kurtz, TruSTAR Technology, USA; & Aaron Ach, Good Harbor Security Risk Management, USA
2. Cyber Insurance as Cyber Diplomacy, Asaf Lubin, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
3. Industrial Cyber Attacks in the Middle East and International Consequences, Selena Larson, Dragos, USA & Sergio Caltagirone, Dragos, USA
4. Influence Operations in the Middle East and the Prohibition on Intervention, Ido Kilovaty, Yale Law School, USA
5. State-Sanctioned Hacktivism: The Syrian Electronic Army, Evan Kohlmann, Flashpoint, USA & Alex Kobray, Flashpoint, USA
6. Disinformation in the Gulf, James Shires, Leiden University, The Netherlands
7. Operation Glowing Symphony: The Missing Piece in the U.S. Online Counter-ISIS Campaign, Michael Martelle, National Security Archive, USA & Audrey Alexander, West Point’s Combating Terrorism Center, USA
8. The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism in the Middle East, Mohammed Soliman, Middle East Institute, USA
9. A Battle of Two Pandemics: Coronavirus and Digital Authoritarianism in the Arab World, Sahar Khamis, University of Maryland, College Park & Middle East Institute, USA
10. Toward a Safer Regional Cyberspace, Mike Sexton, Middle East Institute, USA & Eliza Campbell, Middle East Institute, USA