Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory, Methodology, and Applications

ISBN-13: 9781119785163 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 288 str.

Pedro H. J. Nardelli

Spis treści

Preface xi1 Introduction 11.1 Cyber-Physical Systems in 2020 11.2 Need for a General Theory 31.3 Historical Highlights: Control Theory, Information Theory, and Cybernetics 61.4 Philosophical Background 91.5 Book Structure 141.6 Summary 15Exercises 15References 16Part I 192 System 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Systems Engineering 222.3 Demarcation of Specific Systems 242.4 Classification of Systems 282.4.1 Natural and Human-Made Systems 292.4.2 Material and Conceptual Systems 292.4.3 Static and Dynamic Systems 302.4.4 Closed and Open Systems 312.5 Maxwell's Demon as a System 312.5.1 System Demarcation 332.5.2 Classification 332.5.3 Discussions 342.6 Summary 35Exercises 36References 373 Uncertainty 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Games and Uncertainty 403.3 Uncertainty and Probability Theory 453.4 Random Variables: Dependence and Stochastic Processes 563.5 Summary 63Exercises 63References 644 Information 674.1 Introduction 674.2 Data and Information 684.3 Information and Its Different Forms 754.3.1 Mathematical Information and Communication 764.3.2 Semantic Information 774.3.3 Biological Information 784.3.4 Physical Information 794.4 Physical and Symbolic Realities 794.5 Summary 82Exercises 82References 845 Network 875.1 Introduction 875.2 Network Types 925.2.1 Peer-to-Peer Networks 935.2.2 One-to-Many, Many-to-One, and Star Networks 935.2.3 Complete and Erdös-Rényi Networks 945.2.4 Line, Ring, and Regular Networks 945.2.5 Watts-Strogatz, Barabási-Albert and Other Networks 955.3 Processes on Networks and Applications 965.3.1 Communication Systems 975.3.2 Transportation in Cities 985.3.3 Virus Propagation and Epidemiology 995.4 Limitations 1015.4.1 From (Big) Data to Mathematical Abstractions 1015.4.2 From Mathematical Abstractions to Models of Physical Processes 1035.4.3 Universality and Cross-Domain Issues 1035.5 Summary 105Exercises 105References 1066 Decisions and Actions 1096.1 Introduction 1096.2 Forms of Decision-Making 1106.3 Optimization 1136.4 Game Theory 1176.5 Rule-Based Decisions 1236.6 Limitations 1246.7 Summary 126Exercises 126References 129Part II 1317 The Three Layers of Cyber-Physical Systems 1337.1 Introduction 1337.2 Physical Layer, Measuring, and Sensing Processes 1377.3 Data Layer and Informing Processes 1397.4 Decision Layer and Acting Processes 1447.5 Self-developing Reflexive-Active System and Cyber-Physical Systems 1457.6 Layer-Based Protocols and Cyber-Physical Systems Design 1477.7 Summary 152Exercises 152References 1538 Dynamics of Cyber-Physical Systems 1558.1 Introduction 1558.2 Dynamics of Cyber-Physical Systems 1598.2.1 Elementary Cellular Automaton 1598.2.2 Example of a Cyber-Physical System 1638.2.3 Observable Attributes and Performance Metrics 1648.2.4 Optimization 1678.3 Failures and Layer-Based Attacks 1708.4 Summary 174Exercises 174References 174Part III 1779 Enabling Information and Communication Technologies 1799.1 Introduction 1799.2 Data Networks and Wireless Communications 1809.2.1 Network Layers and Their Protocols 1819.2.2 Network: Edge and Core 1859.2.3 IoT, Machine-Type Communications, and 5G 1879.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 1899.3.1 Machine Learning: Data, Model, and Loss Function 1919.3.2 Formalizing and Solving a ML Problem 1919.3.3 ml Methods 1939.4 Decentralized Computing and Distributed Ledger Technology 1949.4.1 Federated Learning and Decentralized Machine Learning 1949.4.2 Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology 1969.5 Future Technologies: A Look at the Unknown Future 1989.5.1 Quantum Internet 1989.5.2 Internet of Bio-Nano Things 1999.5.3 After Moore's Law 2009.6 Summary 202Exercises 202References 20410 Applications 20710.1 Introduction 20710.2 Cyber-Physical Industrial System 20910.2.1 Tennessee Eastman Process 20910.2.2 Tennessee Eastman Process as a Cyber-Physical System 21110.2.3 Example of Fault Detection in the TEP 21410.3 Cyber-Physical Energy System 21510.3.1 Electricity Power Grid as a System 21610.3.2 Frequency Regulation by Smart Fridges 21810.3.3 Challenges in Demand-Side Management in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems 22210.4 Other Examples 22310.4.1 Cyber-Physical Public Health Surveillance System 22310.4.2 Mobile Application for Real-Time Traffic Routes 22410.5 Summary 226Exercises 227References 23011 Beyond Technology 23311.1 Introduction 23311.2 Governance Models 23511.2.1 Markets 23511.2.2 Central Planning 23811.2.3 Commons 24011.2.4 Final Remarks About Governance Models 24511.3 Social Implications of the Cyber Reality 24511.3.1 Data Ownership 24511.3.2 Global Platforms 24611.3.3 Fake News 24711.3.4 Hybrid Warfare 24811.4 The Cybersyn Project 25111.5 Summary 253Exercises 253References 25412 Closing Words 25912.1 Strong Theory Leads to Informed Practices 26012.2 Open Challenges in CPSs 26112.3 CPSs and the Fourth Industrial Revolution 26212.4 Building the Future 263Exercises 263Index 265

O autorze

Pedro H. J. Nardelli, PhD, Associate Professor of IoT in Energy Systems, Laboratory of Control Engineering and Digital Systems, School of Energy Systems, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Finland. He is an Academy of Finland Research Fellow in Energy Internet. He is also Adjunct Professor at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland.