1. Fundamental of ion-exchange membranes 2. Organic ion-exchange membranes 3. Inorganic ion-exchange membranes 4. Ion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis process for desalination 5. Ion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis process for wastewater treatment 6. Ion-exchange membranes in revers electrodialysis process 7. Ion-exchange membranes in non-microbial fuel cell systems 8. Ion-exchange membranes in microbial fuel cell systems 9. Ion-exchange membranes in electrolysis process 10. Ion-exchange membranes in redox flow batteries 11. Ion-exchange membranes in microfluidic devices 12. Concentration polarization in ion-exchange membranes 13. Economic of ion-exchange membranes