Cryocoolers 9

ISBN-13: 9781461376910 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 967 str.

Ronald G. Jr. Ross

Opis

The last two years have witnessed an explosion in interest in pulse tube cryocoolers follow ing the achievement by TRW of high efficiency long-life pulse tube cryocoolers based on the flexure-bearing Stirling-cooler compressors from Oxford University, and have seen the initiation of development of long-life, low-cost cryocoolers for the emerging high temperature supercon ductor electronics market. Hydrogen sorptioncryocoolers achieved their first operation in Space this year, and closed-cycle helium Joule-Thomson cryocoolers continue to make progress in promising long-life space applications in the 4 K temperature range. On the commercial front, Gifford-McMahoncryocoolers with rare earth regenerators are making greatprogress inopening up the 4 K market, and new closed-cycle J-T or throttle-cycle refrigerators are taking advantage of mixed refrigerant gases to achieve low-cost cryocooler systems in the 65 - 80K temperature range. Tactical Stirling cryocoolers, now commonplace in thedefense industry, continue to find application in a number ofcost-constrained commercial applications and space missions, but are shrinking in numbers as the defense industry goes through a period ofconsolidation. Building on the expanding stable of available cryocoolers, numerous new applications are being enabled; many ofthese involve infrared imaging systems, and high-temperature supercon ductors in the medical and communications fields. Application experiments, designed to ex plore, troubleshootand resolve product integration issues, continue tooccur onan ever widening front, particularly in the fields of infrared imaging and spectroscopy, gamma-ray spectroscopy, and high-temperature superconductor applications."

Spis treści

Government Cryocooler Development Programs.- An Overview of Air Force Phillips Laboratory Cryocooler Programs.- A Case Study of a Successful Cryogenic Cooler Development Program.- The DOD Family of Linear Drive Coolers for Weapon Systems.- And What about Cryogenic Refrigeration?.- Space Stirling Cryocooler Developments.- Prototype Spacecraft Cryocooler Progress.- Hughes Aircraft Company SSC I & II Performance Mapping Results.- Development and Demonstration of the Creare 65 K Standard Spacecraft Cryocooler.- Test Results for the Ball Single-Stage Advanced Flight Prototype Cryocooler.- The Batch Manufacture of Stirling-Cycle Coolers for Space Applications Including Test, Qualification, and Integration Issues.- System Test Performance for the Ball Two-Stage Stirling-Cycle Cryocooler.- Improvements to the Cooling Power of a Space Qualified Two-Stage Stirling Cycle Cooler.- Design and Development of a 20 K Stirling-Cycle Cooler for FIRST.- Tactical/Commercial Stirling Cryocoolers.- Path to Low Cost and High Reliability Stirling Coolers.- Miniature Long Life Tactical Stirling Cryocoolers.- Experimental and Predicted Performance of the BEI Mini-Linear Cooler.- Space Qualification Test Plan Development, Implementation, and Results for the STRV-2 1.0-watt Tactical Cryocooler.- Stirling Cryocooler Research and Theory.- Reduction of Surface Heat Pumping Effect in Split-Stirling Cryocoolers.- A Stirling Cycle Analysis with Gas-Wall Heat Transfer in Compressor and Expander.- Cyclic Simulation of Stirling Cryogenerator with Two-Component Two-Phase Fluid.- Cryocooler Transient Performance Modeling.- Pulse-tube Cryocooler Developments.- New Mid-Size High Efficiency Pulse Tube Coolers.- Performance Characterization of the TRW 3503 and 6020 Pulse Tube Coolers.- Performance of the AIRS Pulse Tube Engineering Model Cryocooler.- Advanced Pulse Tube Cold Head Development.- 50-80 K Pulse Tube Cryocooler Development.- 80 K Miniature Pulse Tube Refrigerator Performance.- Development of a Low-Cost Cryocooler for HTS Applications.- An Experimental Investigation of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator.- Pulse Tube Refrigerator and Nitrogen liquefier with Active Buffer System.- Two-Stage Double-Inlet Pulse Tube Refrigerator down to 10 K.- Pulse Tube Cryocooler Configuration Investigations.- Early Pulse Tube Refrigerator Developments.- Phase Shift Effect of the Long Neck Tube for the Pulse Tube Refrigerator.- Experimental Study on the Pulse Tube Refrigerator with Two Relief Valves.- Experiments on the Effects of Pulse Tube Geometry on PTR Performance.- An Experimental Investigation of a Single-Stage Two-Pulse-Tube Refrigerator.- UCLA Pulse Tube Investigations.- Reversible Cycle Piston Pulse Tube Cryocooler.- Isothermal Model of a Warm Expander Pulse Tube.- Pulse-tube Modeling and Diagnostic Measurements.- A Simple Modeling Program for Orifice Pulse Tube Coolers.- A One-Dimensional Model of High-Frequency Pulse Tube Heat and Mass Flows.- Higher Order Pulse Tube Modeling.- Visualization Study of Velocity Profiles and Displacements of Working Gas Inside a Pulse Tube Refrigerator.- Investigation of Radial Temperature and Velocity Profiles in Oscillating Flows Inside a Pulse Tube Refrigerator.- An Experimental Investigation of How the Heat Pumping Mechanism in a Pulse Tube Changes with Frequency.- DC Gas Flows in Stirling and Pulse Tube Cryocoolers.- Convective Heat Losses in Pulse Tube Coolers: Effect of Pulse Tube Inclination.- Generic Stirling/PT Components Development.- Advanced Compressor for Long-Life Cryocoolers.- Flexure Bearing Analysis Procedures and Design Charts.- Investigation of Gas Effects on Cryocooler Resonance Characteristics.- Thermodynamic Comparison between the Orifice Pulse Tube and the Stirling Refrigerator.- Application of the Periodic Temperature Variation Technique to the Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficients in High-NTU Matrices.- 3-D Flow Model for Cryocooler Regenerators.- Measurement of Heat Conduction through Stacked Screens.- Brayton Cryocooler Developments.- A Single Stage Reverse Brayton Cryocooler: Performance and Endurance Tests on the Engineering Model.- Progress on the Development of Miniature Turbomachines for Low-Capacity Reverse-Brayton Cryocoolers.- Experimental Study of the Isentropic Efficiency of the Pulse Tube Expansion Process.- J-T and Throttle-cycle Cryocooler Developments.- Joule-Thomson Cryocooler Development at Ball Aerospace.- Low Cost Cryocoolers for Cryoelectronics.- A Throttle Cycle Cryocooler Operating with Mixed Gas Refrigerants in 70 K to 120 K Temperature Range.- 80 K Throttle-Cycle Refrigerator Cost Reduction.- Experimental Investigation of an Efficient Closed-Cycle Mixed-Refrigerant J-T Cooler.- 65 K Two-Stage MR/O2 Throttle Cycle Refrigerator.- Closed-Cycle Neon Refrigerator for High-Temperature Superconducting Magnets.- Design and Testing of a Combined Stirling-Cycle Joule-Thomson Cryocooler System.- Sorption Cryocooler Developments.- Flight Demonstration of a 10 K Sorption Cryocooler.- Continuous and Periodic Sorption Cryocoolers for 10 K and below.- Preliminary Test Results for a 25 K Sorption Cryocooler Designed for the UCSB Long Duration Balloon Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Experiment.- Experiments on a Charcoal/Nitrogen Sorption Compressor and Model Considerations.- G-M Refrigerators and Low-Temperature Regenerators.- Low Cost Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler Development Program.- Development of a 2 W Class 4 K Gifford-McMahon Cycle Cryocooler.- Geometric Scaling of a 4.2 K Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator.- The Effect of Pressure Loss at Intake/Exhaust Valve on Performance of a 4 K G-M Cryocooler.- The Valve Timing Effect on Cooling Power of 4 K Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler.- A Neodymium Plate Regenerator for Low Temperature Gifford- McMahon Cycle Refrigerators.- Influence of Alloying on the Behavior and Properties of Er3Ni.- Processing and Testing of the Low-Temperature Stage Er6Ni2Sn Cryogenic Regenerator Alloy.- Promising Refrigerants for the 4.2 — 20 K Region.- Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Developments.- The Los Alamos Solid-State Optical Refrigerator.- Microcooling: Study on the Application of Micromechanical Techniques.- Cryocooler Vibration Characterization and Control.- Investigation into Vibration Issues of Sunpower M77 Cryocoolers.- Summary and Results of Hughes Improved Standard Spacecraft Cryocooler Vibration Suppression Experiment.- MOPITT Stirling Cycle Cooler Vibration Performance Results.- Summary and Results of a Space-Based Active Cryocooler Vibration Suppression Experiment.- Vibration Reduction in a Set-Up of Two Split Type Stirling Cryocoolers.- Throttle Cycle Cooler Vibration Characterization.- Cryocooler Integration and Test Technologies.- Development of a 60 K Thermal Storage Unit.- Temperature Stabilization on Cold Stage of 4 K G-M Cryocooler.- Reduction of Parasitic Heat Loads to Cryogenically Cooled Components.- Cryocooler Heat Interceptor Test for the SMTS Program.- Feasibility Demonstration of a Thermal Switch for Dual Temperature IR Focal Plane Cooling.- An Advanced Solderless Flexible Thermal Link.- Development and Testing of a Demountable Cryocooler Thermal Interface.- Thermal Conductance of Multilam Make and Break Cryocooler Thermal Interface.- Heat Pipes for Enhanced Cooldown of Cryogenic Systems.- Control Electronics Development for Space-Based Cryocoolers.- Cooler Test Data Acquisition and Environmental Control Software.- Cryogenic Systems Integration Model (CSIM).- Cryocooler Applications Experience.- Spacecraft Cryocooler System Integration Trades and Optimization.- AIRS Cryocooler System Design and Development.- AIRS Puise Tube Cryocooler System.- The Qualification and Use of Miniature Tactical Cryocoolers for Space Applications.- The Design, Development and Qualification of the SCIAMACHY Radiant Cooler.- Integration of HTS SQUIDs with Portable Cooling Devices for the Detection of Materials Defects in Non-Destructive Evaluation.- Stirling Cooler Magnetic Interference Measured by a High-Tc SQUID Mounted on the Cold Tip.- Cryocooler Integration with High Temperature Superconducting Motors.- Integration of a Photoconductive Detector with a 4 K Cryocooler.- Indexes.- Proceedings Index.- Author Index.