Crustal Structure of the Bohemian Massif and the West Carpathians

ISBN-13: 9783642789977 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 355 str.

Vaclav Bucha; Milan Blizkovsky; G. Pliva

Opis

The earth is seen as a dynamic body undergoing convection that is driven by its internal heat. The elucidation of the nature and evolution of the earth's lithosphere, that has provided all minerals and energy resources and the space in which we live is one of the principal motives behind the International Program "Dynamics and Evolution of the Lithosphere." A full understanding of the lithosphere requires further research especially on the continents and their margins: while the oceanic lithosphere cools and subsides as it flows away from the zone of upwelling, the continents, because of their different composition, remain buoyant in the mantle and survive over major portions of the earth's history. In trying to produce full confirmation of the validity of sea floor spreading and lithosphere subduction, Central Europe became more and more a crucial case. The deformation of continental plates is, however, more complex than that of the ocean-floor pattern. No discrete boundary exists between both the African and Eurasian plates. A number of unanswered questions arise e.g. whether African crust has overridden Europe, or European lithosphere collided in the ranges of Atlas of Algeria. The work of German, French and Suiss geologists accomplished much during this century. Central Europe has come to serve as a test site for the refinement of plate tectonics. A new understanding of the crustal dynamics of Central Europe was born with the aim of explaining its structural evolution.

Recenzje

"The main value of this book lies in its presentation of a very large and comprehensive dataset, making it a valuable addition to the bookshelves of all those working on lithospheric properties and structure in general, and the geodynamics of Central Europe in particular." - Geological Magazine

Spis treści

1 Review of the Deep Structure Research in the Bohemian Massif and West Carpathians.- 2 Seismic Research into the Lithosphere of Central Europe.- 2.1 Elastic Properties of Rocks and Their Anisotropy.- Laboratory Methods.- In Situ Methods.- The Effect of the Preferred Orientation of Crystals.- Effects of Microfractures and Grain Boundaries.- Review of Elastic Anisotropy of Crystalline Rocks.- 2.2 Deep Seismic Sounding in Czechoslovakia.- Main Results of the Seismic Data Interpretation Along Regional Profiles.- 2.3 Construction of the Moho Discontinuity Map.- 2.4 Deep Reflection Seismic Profiling in Czechoslovakia — the ?ESLOKORP (Czechoslovak Crustal Reflection Profiling Project).- Profile IT.- Profile 2T.- Profile 3T.- Profile 3.- 2.5 Model of the Deep Lithosphere Structure.- 2.6 Deep Structure of the Bohemian Massif from Phase Velocities of Seismic Surface Waves.- Geologic and Geophysical Characteristics.- Data Analysis and Inversion.- Profile MOX-VIE.- Profile MOX-KHC.- Profile KHC-KSP.- Final Models.- Conclusion.- 3 Seismicity and Seismotectonics.- 3.1 Earthquakes in Central Europe.- Spatial Distribution of Erathquake Foci.- Earthquake Mmechanism.- Occurrences of Very Weak Earthquakes.- Frequency of Earthquakes.- Release of Seismic Energy in Time and Migration in Space.- 3.2 Macroseismic Fields and the Main Directions of Structures.- 3.3 Seismotectonic Studies in the Bohemian Massif and the West Carpathians.- 4 Results of Heat Flow Studies in Czechoslovakia.- 4.1 Previous Major Results.- 4.2 Technique of Measurements.- 4.3 Data Set.- Subsurface Temperatures.- Heat Flow.- Heat Flow Map.- 4.4 Crustal Geothermics.- Heat Flow and Crustal Thickness.- Heat Flow and Heat Generation.- 4.5 Crustal Temperatures.- One-Dimensional Models.- Two-Dimensional Sections.- 4.6 Regional Geothermics.- Moho Temperatures.- Moho Heat Flow.- Heat Flow and Lithospheric Thickness.- 5 Zones of Geoelectrical Inhomogeneities.- 5.1 Earth’s Magnetic Field Variations and Geomagnetic Induction Characteristics.- 5.2 Main Zones of Geoelectrical Anomalies in Europe.- Carpathian Geoelectrical Anomaly.- The Anomalous Geoelectrical Zone in the Eastern Margin of the Bohemian Massif.- 5.3 Magnetotelluric Models of Inhomogeneity Zones.- 5.4 Contribution of the MTS to the Study of Lithosphere in Central Europe.- 6 Gravimetric Investigation of Deep Structure of the Earth.- 6.1 Gravitational Field of Central Europe.- 6.2 Stripped Gravity Maps in Czechoslovakia.- 6.3 Explanation of the Main Gravity Structures on the Czechoslovak Territory and in Its Close Vicinity.- 6.4 Density Models of the Earth’s Crust Along Seismic Profiles.- Density Model Along International DSS VII Profile.- Density Model Along International DSS VI Profile.- Density Model of the Crust Along International DSS V Profile.- Density Model Along the Trans-Carpathian 2T Profile.- 6.5 3-D Density Models of the Earth’s Crust in the Bohemian Massif.- 7 Geomagnetic and Palaeomagnetic Fields.- 7.1 Geomagnetic Field of Central Europe.- 7.2 Geologic Interpretation of Main Geologic Structures in the Bohemian Massif.- 7.3 Geologic Interpretation of the Geomagnetic Anomalies in the West Carpathians.- Fundamental Elements of the Geomagnetic Field of the West Carpathians.- Results of Quantitative Interpretation of Anomalies.- Geologic Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies.- Conclusion.- 7.4 Geomagnetic Anomalies and the Crystalline Basement of the Vienna Basin.- 7.5 Interpretation of the Geomagnetic Anomalies Between the Bohemian Massif and the Inner West Carpathians.- 7.6 Palaeomagnetic Research on the Bohemian Massif.- 7.7 Palaeomagnetic Investigations in the West Carpathians on Czechoslovak Territory.- The Early Palaeozoic of the West Carpathians.- The Late Palaeozoic of the West Carpathians.- Palaeomagnetic Investigations of the Flysch Belt of the West Carpathians.- 7.8 Contribution to the Complex Interpretation of Magnetic and Palaeomagnetic Data to the Palaeogeography of Blocks of the Bohemian Massif M. Krs, P. Pruner.- 7.9 Magnetic Properties of Rocks and Their Interpretation.- Magnetic Properties of Volcanic Rocks.- Magnetic Properties of Rocks Exposed to High Pressures.- 8 Geological and Petrological Models of the Earth’s Crust in Central Europe.- 8.1 Reviews of Geologic Investigations by Drilling.- 8.2 Peridotites and Eclogites as Indicators of the Structural and Lithologic Evolution of the Earth’s Crust: Bohemian Hercynides (Variscides), Czechoslovakia.- Lithology and Geochronology.- Ultrabasic and Eclogitic Rocks as Products of Geotectonic Cycles.- Rhenohercynian Zone.- Central German Crystalline Rise.- Brunovistulikum.- Saxothuringian Zone.- Segments with Ocean Floor Rocks.- Segment of Continental Crust with Ultrabasic and Eclogitic Rocks.- Moldanubian Zone and Kutná Hora — Svratka Complex.- Conclusions.- 8.3 Major and Trace Elements in “Eclogites” and Their Host Garnet Peridotites, Data from the Bohemian Massif.- Description of the Localities.- Data and Methods.- Major Element Data.- Trace Element Data.- Rare Earth Elements.- Transition Metals.- Discussion.- 8.4 Petrologic Indications of Deep Structure of the West Carpathians.- Role of Magmatites of the Granite Series in the Composition of the Crust.- Role of the Early Palaeozoic Volcanism in Evolution of the Crust.- Variability of Products of Volcanic Activity in the Mesozoic — Reflection of Diverse Geodynamic Conditions.- Significance of the Ophiolite Complex in a Structure.- Late Cenozoic Volcanism — the Youngest Vertical Movements of Masses in the Earth’s Crust.- Conclusion.- 8.5 Deep-Origin Xenoliths in Volcanism of Czechoslovakia.- Young Basaltic Volcanics of Czechoslovakia.- Field Petrography of Xenoliths.- Microscopic Character and Mineralogy of Lherzolite Nodules.- Olivine.- Orthopyroxene.- Clinopyroxene.- Spinel.- Lherzolite Xenolith Properties Implications at Depth.- 8.6 Geological and Petrologic Models of the Earth’s Crust Beneath Czechoslovakia.- Petrologic Data on the Upper Mantle Composition Beneath Central Europe Yield Controversial Conclusions.- 9 Geodynamic Manifestations of the Lithosphere.- 9.1 Recent Movements of the Earth’s Surface.- Main Dynamic Tendencies.- 9.2 Isostatic State of Czechoslovak Territory.- Mutual Correlation of Gravity Anomalies, Elevations Above Sea Level, and Depths to the Moho Discontinuity.- Maps of Isostatic Anomalies and Their Properties.- Masses of Vertical Columns of Lithosphere.- The Stress Field Caused by the Terrain Topography and by Density Inhomogeneities in the Earth’s Crust.- 9.3 Modification of Runcorn’s Equations to Convection Flows.- 9.4 Linear Structures in the Czechoslovak Part of the Bohemian Massif Derived from Geophysical Data.- and Methodology.- Characteristics of the Defined Areas and Principal Linear Structures.- Conclusion.- 9.5 Changes of Palaeogeographic Latitudes of the Barrandian Interpreted on the Basis of Palaeomagnetic Data.- References.