Critical Reviews in Tropical Medicine: Volume 1

ISBN-13: 9781461334262 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 396 str.

R. K. Chandra; R. K. Chandra

Opis

Numerous economic, sociocultural, and health problems continue to impede the optimal progress of many millions of people in the developing countries in tropical and other geographic regions of the world. Thus, tropical medicine has many aspects including parasitology, bacteriology, and virology, environmental sanitation and hygiene, nutrition, pharmacology, immunology, agriculture, eco nomics, political science, anthropology, sociology, and behavioral sciences. Like the mythical Proteus, the individual dealing with tropical medicine must assume many roles. There is a growing recognition of the unique problems of the tropical countries. This has led to concerted efforts by many international agencies to attempt to obtain new tools to control many of the tropical diseases that have defied previous attempts at large-scale control. The involvement of the world's leading scientists and institutions as well as the best talents and resources of the developing countries themselves has inspired considerable research in tropical medicine with an inevitable exponential growth in publications. The new series Critical Reviews in Tropical Medicine is being launched to provide topical state of-the-art critiques of selected subjects in this burgeoning field. Authored by active investigators in their chosen topics, these reviews should be useful for all health professionals, social scientists, and administrators involved in planning interventions, both preventive and therapeutic, in developing regions of the world. Contributions included in Volume 1 span parasitology, infectious disease, immunology, gastroenterology, liver disease, and nutrition."

Spis treści

1. Priorities for Medicine and Health in the Tropics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Present State of Health and Medicine in the Tropics.- 2.1. Poverty.- 2.2. Population and Urbanization.- 2.3. Undernutrition and Malnutrition.- 2.4. Drinking Water and Excreta Disposal.- 2.5. The Plasticity of Pathogens and Vectors.- 2.6. Ecological and Environmental Changes.- 2.7. Major Groups of Diseases.- 2.8. Health Services.- 3. Priorities and Neglected Areas.- 3.1. Better Understanding: Health Education.- 3.2. More Self-Reliant Policy Development.- 3.3. A Scientific Basis for Policies and Their Implementation.- 3.4. Training, Experience, Opportunities, and Careers.- 3.5. Research.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 2. African Trypanosomiasis.- 1. The Disease Impact.- 2. Problems of Eradication.- 2.1. Vector Control.- 2.2. Drug Treatment.- 3. Immunologic Defense.- 3.1. The Immune Response.- 3.2. Antigenic Diversity.- 3.3. Polyclonal Activation and Immunodepression.- 4. Genetic Basis of Susceptibility to African Trypanosomiasis.- 4.1. Experimental Evidence in Mice.- 4.2. Observations in Cattle.- 5. Prospects.- References.- 3. Shigellosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Microbiology.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Isolation and Identification.- 3. Pathogenesis.- 3.1. Tissue Invasion.- 3.2. Toxin Production.- 3.3. Mechanism of Action of Toxin(s).- 4. Clinical Manifestations.- 4.1. Intestinal Disease.- 4.2. Fever.- 4.3. Extraintestinal Manifestations.- 4.4. Malnutrition.- 4.5. Diagnosis.- 5. Epidemiology.- 5.1. Inoculum Size.- 5.2. Transmission.- 5.3. Incidence.- 5.4. Host Factors.- 6. Clinical—Pathological Correlations.- 6.1. Target Organs.- 6.2. Diarrhea.- 6.3. Dysentery.- 7. Therapy.- 7.1. The Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance.- 7.2. General Principles of Antimicrobial Choice.- 7.3. Drugs of Choice.- 7.4. Nonspecific Therapy.- 8. Summary.- References.- 4. Giardiasis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Aspects.- 3. Pathogen.- 4. Epidemiology.- 5. Risk Factors.- 5.1. Age.- 5.2. Gastrectomy, Hypochlorhydria, and Achlorhydria.- 5.3. Immunodeficiency.- 5.4. Homosexuality.- 5.5. Enteral Bacterial Infection.- 5.6. Malnutrition.- 5.7. ABO Blood Groups.- 5.8. Travel to Endemic Areas.- 6. Pathogenesis.- 6.1. Mucosal Invasion and Injury.- 7. Clinical Manifestations.- 8. Diagnosis.- 8.1. History.- 8.2. Stool Examination.- 8.3. Duodenal Aspiration.- 8.4. Enterotest.- 8.5. Small Intestine Biopsy.- 8.6. Serologic Tests.- 8.7. Therapeutic Trial.- 9. Treatment.- 9.1. Quinacrine Hydrochloride.- 9.2. Metronidazole.- 9.3. Furazolidone.- 9.4. Comparative Evaluation.- 10. Prevention.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5. Immunopathology of Leprosy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Immunologic Classification of Leprosy.- 3. The Mononuclear Phagocyte in Leprosy—Ultrastructural Studies.- 4. Reaction States in Leprosy.- 5. The Lepromin Test.- 6. Experimental Models of Leprosy.- 6.1. Mycobacterium leprae.- 6.2. Mycobacterium leprae-murium.- 7. In Vitro Tests of Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 7.1. Specific Lymphocyte Transformation with Mycobacterium leprae.- 7.2. Nonspecific Response of Lymphocytes to Mitogens.- 7.3. Suppressor Cells as a Cause of Failure of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Leprosy.- 8. Antibody Response in Leprosy.- 9. Genetic Susceptibility.- 10. Amyloidosis.- 11. Immunoprophylaxis in Leprosy.- 12. Summary.- References.- 6. Host Resistance to Malaria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Developmental and Structural Aspects of the Parasite Relevant to Host Resistance.- 2.1. Extracellular Phases.- 2.2. Intracellular Phases.- 3. Clinical Manifestations of Immunity.- 4. Protective Immunity.- 4.1. Sporozoite Stage.- 4.2. Exoerythrocytic Stage.- 4.3. Erythrocytic Stage.- 5. The Present Position Concerning the Artificial Generation of Resistance.- 5.1. Vaccination.- 5.2. Alternatives to Vaccination.- References.- 7. Idiopathic Small Intestinal Disease in the Tropics.- 1. Historical Introduction.- 2. The Spectrum of Small Intestinal Disease in the Tropics.- 3. Tropical Enteropathy.- 3.1. Occurrence.- 3.2. Pathology.- 3.3. Intestinal Function.- 3.4. Pathogenesis.- 3.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 4. Tropical Sprue.- 4.1. Epidemiology.- 4.2. Clinical Features.- 4.3. Absorptive Defects.- 4.4. Pathology.- 4.5. Therapy.- 4.6. Etiology and Pathogenesis.- 4.7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8. Tropical Splenomegaly.- 1. An Entity or a Syndrome?.- 2. Extent of the Problem.- 3. Essential Features.- 3.1. Epidemiology.- 3.2. Clinical Manifestations.- 3.3. Radiological Findings.- 3.4. Hemodynamic Data.- 3.5. Natural History.- 4. Pathological Aspects.- 4.1. Hepatic Alterations.- 4.2. Extrahepatic Portal Venous System.- 4.3. Spleen.- 4.4. Other Organs.- 5. Pathogenesis and Etiology.- 5.1. Pathogenesis.- 5.2. Etiology.- 6. Problems of Management.- 7. Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.- 9. Immune Complex Nephropathy in the Tropics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Composition and Nature of Immune Complexes.- 3. Renal Damage by Immune Complexes.- 3.1. Mechanisms of Induction of Renal Damage by Immune Complexes.- 3.2. Factors Influencing Localization and Pathogenicity of Immune Complexes and Chronicity of Renal Lesions.- 4. Diagnosis of Immune Complex Nephropathy.- 5. Etiologic Factors.- 5.1. Exogenous Antigens.- 5.2. Endogenous Antigens.- 6. Treatment.- 6.1. Management.- 6.2. Immunosuppressive and Antiinflammatory Treatment.- 6.3. Possible Future Lines of Treatment.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 10. Nutrition and Work Performance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Individual Aspects of Physical Performance.- 3. The Impact of Malnutrition.- 3.1. Studies in Laboratory Animals.- 3.2. Human Studies.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- Suggested Reading.- 11. Multisectoral Nutrition Interventions: A Policy Analysis Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Policy Analysis and the Achievement of Nutritional Goals.- 2.1. Power and Persuasion.- 2.2. Feasibility and Desirability.- 2.3. Ineffectiveness and the Lack of Consensus.- 2.4. Cogitation and Interaction.- 3. Designing Strategies for Achieving Nutrition and Health Goals.- 3.1. Economic, Structural, and Demographic Characteristics of Low-Income Developing Countries.- 3.2. Implications of the Distinctive Characteristics of the Low-Income Countries.- 3.3. Production-Oriented Programs and the “Pattern” of Agricultural Development.- 3.4. Consumption-Oriented Programs: Nutrition, Health, and Family Planning.- 4. Toward a Workable Consensus and Effective Action.- 4.1. Mobilizing a Support Coalition.- 4.2. Organization and Management as a Third “Prong” in Development Strategies.- References.- 12. Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features of the Disease.- 2.1. Clinical Presentation.- 2.2. Pathology.- 2.3. Clinicopathological Correlations.- 2.4. Epidemiology.- 3. Advances in Knowledge of the Disease.- 3.1. Characteristics of Burkitt’s Lymphoma Tumor Cells.- 3.2. Hypotheses on Etiology of Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 3.3. Concepts of the Pathogenesis of Burkitt’s Lymphoma.- 4. Concluding Remarks and Summary.- References.