Coronary Artery Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imaging Approaches

ISBN-13: 9783642696060 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 236 str.

M. Amiel; A. Maseri; H. Petitier

Opis

2 Diagnostic Use of Radiographic Methods in Coronary Disease...56 3 Material...58 4 Mode of Operation ...62 5 Radiological Projections...63 6 Monitoring of Cardiac Parameters ...64 7 Pharmacological Tests ...66 7. 1 Coronary Arteries ...66 7. 2 Left Ventricle...67 8 Accidents and Risks of Coronary Arteriography ...67 References ...68 III Angiographic Explorations: Normal Results ...71 1 Left Ventricle and Left Ventricular Function 71 1. 1 Radiological Anatomy...71 1. 2 Normal Kinetics...77 1. 3 Analysis of Wall Contraction ...78 1. 4 Volumes and Function Indexes...81 2 Coronary Arteries and Veins ...84 2. 1 Origin, Calibre and Preponderance of the Coronary Arteries ...84 2. 2 Nomenclature and Segmentation of the Coronary Arteries ...87 2. 3 A Reminder About the Physiology of Coronary Circulation ...93 2. 4 Angiographic Anatomy ...94 2. 4. 1 Left Coronary Artery ...94 2. 4. 2 Right Coronary Artery...95 2. 4. 3 Vascularization of Nodes and the Conduction System . . 96 2. 4. 4 Interconnecting Anastomoses ...97 2. 5 Coronary Veins ...97 References ...98 IV Angiographic Explorations: Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries...1 00 1 Anomalies of the Origin, Course and Distribution of Coronary Arteries Arising from the Aorta ...100 2 Abnormal Origin of a Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery ...101 3 Anomalies in the Diameter of Coronary Arteries ...104 4 Coronary Fistulae ...109 References ...113 VII V Angiographic Explorations: Coronary Atheroma...114 1 Left Ventricle ...114 1. 1 Morphological Anomalies: Bulging and Lacuna-Like Aspects ...

Spis treści

I Nuclear Medicine Investigations.- I Radio-Nuclide Explorations: Diagnostic Use of Radioisotopes in Coronary Disease.- 1 Detection of Transient Myocardial Ischaemia.- 2 Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction and of Scar Tissue.- 3 Perspectives.- II Radio-Nuclide Explorations: Short-Lived Radio-Nuclides: Present and Future Applications to the Study of Perfusion and Metabolism in the Heart.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Detection of Radio Tracers in the Heart.- 3 Tracers and Their Clinical Applications.- 3.1 Detection of Myocardial Ischaemia.- 3.2 Regional Myocardial Perfusion.- 3.3 Regional Myocardial Metabolism.- 4 Conclusion.- III Radio-Nuclide Explorations: Thallium-201 for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Technique.- 3 Diagnostic Use.- 3.1 Angina at Rest.- 3.2 Effort Angina.- 3.3 Myocardial Infarction.- 3.3.1 Acute Infarction.- 3.3.2 Old Infarction.- 4 Conclusion.- IV Radio-Nuclide Explorations: Pyrophosphate Myocardial Imaging.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Pathophysiological Mechanisms.- 3 Clinical Use.- 3.1 Scanning Technique.- 3.2 Technical Considerations.- 3.3 Interpretation.- 4 The Role of Technetium-99m Pyrophosphate Scintigraphy.- 4.1 Late Diagnosis.- 4.2 Myocardial Contusion.- 4.3 Unstable Angina.- 4.4 Right Ventricular Infarction.- 4.5 Perioperative Infarction.- 5 Future Development.- V Radio-Nuclide Explorations: Ventricular Function Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Electrocardiogram-Gated Blood Pool Imaging.- 2.1 Blood Pool Labelling.- 2.2 Data Acquisition.- 2.3 Creation of Images from List Mode Data.- 2.4 Clinical Application.- 3 Continuous Precordial Counting.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- II X-Ray and Ultrasound Investigations.- I Conventional Radiology.- 1 Methods.- 1.1 Choice of Techniques.- 1.2 Contribution of Conventional Radiographic Projections.- 1.3 Contribution of Television Fluoroscopy.- 2 Results.- 2.1 Deformations of the Cardiac Silhouette.- 2.2 Pulmonary Vascularization Abnormalities.- 2.3 Analysis of Left Ventricular Kinetics.- 2.4 Searching for Coronary Arterial Calcifications.- References.- II Angiographic Explorations: Techniques.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Diagnostic Use of Radiographic Methods in Coronary Disease.- 3 Material.- 4 Mode of Operation.- 5 Radiological Projections.- 6 Monitoring of Cardiac Parameters.- 7 Pharmacological Tests.- 7.1 Coronary Arteries.- 7.2 Left Ventricle.- 8 Accidents and Risks of Coronary Arteriography.- References.- III Angiographic Explorations: Normal Results.- 1 Left Ventricle and Left Ventricular Function.- 1.1 Radiological Anatomy.- 1.2 Normal Kinetics.- 1.3 Analysis of Wall Contraction.- 1.4 Volumes and Function Indexes.- 2 Coronary Arteries and Veins.- 2.1 Origin, Calibre and Preponderance of the Coronary Arteries.- 2.2 Nomenclature and Segmentation of the Coronary Arteries.- 2.3 A Reminder About the Physiology of Coronary Circulation.- 2.4 Angiographic Anatomy.- 2.4.1 Left Coronary Artery.- 2.4.2 Right Coronary Artery.- 2.4.3 Vascularization of Nodes and the Conduction System.- 2.4.4 Interconnecting Anastomoses.- 2.5 Coronary Veins.- References.- IV Angiographic Explorations: Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries.- 1 Anomalies of the Origin, Course and Distribution of Coronary Arteries Arising from the Aorta.- 2 Abnormal Origin of a Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery.- 3 Anomalies in the Diameter of Coronary Arteries.- 4 Coronary Fistulae.- References.- V Angiographic Explorations: Coronary Atheroma.- 1 Left Ventricle.- 1.1 Morphological Anomalies: Bulging and Lacuna-Like Aspects.- 1.2 Anomalies of Contraction and Relaxation.- 1.3 Alterations in Function.- 1.4 Physiological and Pharmacological Tests.- 2 Right Ventricle.- 3 Coronary Arteries.- 3.1 Different Types of Stenosis; Post-stenotic Dilatation.- 3.2 Severity of Stenosis.- 3.3 Number and Site of Stenoses.- 3.4 Intercoronary Anastomoses and Coronary Collateral Circulation.- 3.5 Dolichomega-Arteries and Atheromatous Aneurysms.- 3.6 Recanalization.- 4 Coronary Artery Spasm.- References.- VI Angiographic Explorations: Critical Appraisal of Coronary Arteriography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Reliability of the Examination.- 2.1 Operational Reliability.- 2.2 Reliability of the Method and Correlations Between Anatomical and Angiographic Findings.- 2.3 Reliability of Interpretation.- 3 Significance of Lesions.- 3.1 The Concept of Significant Stenosis.- 3.2 The Concept of a Global Lesional Score.- 4 Pitfalls in Interpretation.- 5 Methodology of Coronary Arteriographic Analysis.- References.- VII Angiographic Explorations: Natural History of Coronary Atheroma and Clinico-Angiographic Correlations.- 1 Beginning and Progression of the Disease.- 1.1 Coronary Arteries.- 1.2 Left Ventricle.- 2 Arteriographic Findings Related to Clinical Status.- 2.1 Chronic Angina.- 2.2 Unstable Angina.- 2.3 Variant Angina.- 2.4 Myocardial Infarction.- 2.4.1 Angiographic Findings.- 2.4.2 Mechanical Complications.- 2.5 Angina and Myocardial Infarction with “Healthy” Coronary Arteries.- 2.5.1 Angina with Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries.- 2.5.2 Infarction with Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries.- 3 Predictive Value of Coronary and Ventricular Lesions.- References.- VIII Angiographic Explorations: Surgical Problems.- 1 The Role of Coronary Arteriography in the Decision to Operate.- 1.1 Coronary Arteriography and Bypass Surgery.- 1.2 Coronary Arteriography, Left Ventriculography and Other Surgical Problems.- 2 Postoperative Evaluation of the Coronary Patient.- 2.1 Bypasses and Implants.- 2.1.1 Angiographic Evaluation.- 2.1.2 X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2.2 Left Ventricular Function.- 2.3 Coronary Arterial Network.- References.- IX Angiographic Explorations: Coronary Arterial Involvement in Various Diseases.- 1 Acquired Valvular Diseases.- 2 Mitral Valve Prolapse.- 3 Myocardial Bridges.- 4 Coronary Arterial Embolism.- 5 Syphilitic Coronary Arterial Stenosis.- 6 Takayasu’s Disease.- 7 Cardiac Tumours and Intracavitary Thrombi.- 8 Traumatic Coronary Injuries.- 9 Coronary Artery Dissection.- 10 Cardiomyopathies.- 11 Other Diseases.- References.- X Contribution of Other Examination Techniques.- Echocardiography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Left Ventricle.- 2.1 Contraction.- 2.2 Function.- 3 Complications of Myocardial Infarction.- 3.1 Ventricular Aneurysms.- 3.2 False Ventricular Aneurysms.- 3.3 Pericardial Effusions.- 3.4 Mitral Regurgitation.- 3.5 Rupture of the Free Wall.- 3.6 Rupture of the Septal Wall.- 3.7 Intraventricular Thromboses.- 4 Coronary Arteries.- 4.1 Procedures.- 4.1.1 Left Coronary Artery.- 4.1.2 Right Coronary Artery.- 4.1.3 Aortocoronary Bypasses.- 4.2 Normal Results.- 4.3 Atheromatous Coronary Arterial Diseases.- 4.4 Other Coronary Arterial Diseases.- 4.5 Aortocoronary Bypass Grafts.- 5 Conclusion.- Computed Axial Tomography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods.- 3 Indications.- Videodensitometry.- References.- XI Therapeutic or Interventional Coronary Radiology.- 1 Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty.- 1.1 Indications.- 1.2 Technique, Preparation and Procedure.- 1.3 Results.- 1.4 The Present and Future Role of Angioplasty.- 2 Selective Intracoronary Thrombolysis.- 2.1 Indications for and Aims of the Treatment.- 2.2 Technique and Protocol.- 2.3 Results.- 2.4 The Present and Future Role of Thrombolysis.- References.- Recommended General Reference Books.