Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5g Mobile Internet

ISBN-13: 9781119867500 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 450 str.

Koivusalo

Spis treści

Preface xxiAcknowledgments xxiiiAcronyms xxvAbout the Companion Website xxxixIntroduction - The Evolution xliPart I Fixed Telephone Systems 11 Fixed Telephone Networks 31.1 Telephone Network 31.1.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Voice 31.1.2 Telephone Network Elements 51.1.3 Evolution of the Fixed Telephony Network from Analog to Digital 61.1.4 Telephone Numbering 91.1.5 Tasks and Roles of Telephone Exchanges 91.1.6 The Subscriber Line 101.1.7 Telephony Signaling on the Analog Subscriber Line 111.1.8 Trunk Lines 121.1.9 Telephone Networks and Data Communications 131.2 Telephone Exchange and Signaling Systems 141.2.1 Operation and Structure of a Telephone Exchange 141.2.2 Intelligent Networks 161.2.3 Signaling between Exchanges 181.2.3.1 Channel Associated Signaling 181.2.3.2 Common Channel Signaling and SS 7 191.2.4 ISDN 201.3 Transmission Networks 201.3.1 E1 and T 1 201.3.1.1 Standardization of E1 and T 1 201.3.1.2 Endpoints of E1 and T1 Lines 211.3.1.3 Frame Structures 211.3.2 V 5 231.3.3 PDH 231.3.3.1 Standardization of PDH 231.3.3.2 PDH Signal Hierarchy and Operation 241.3.3.3 PDH Network Architecture 251.3.4 SDH 261.3.4.1 Standardization of SDH 261.3.4.2 Basic Principles of SDH Multiplexing 271.3.4.3 SDH Network Architecture 291.3.5 Microwave Links 311.3.5.1 Standardization of Microwave Link Systems 311.3.5.2 Architecture of Microwave Radio Links 311.3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 311.3.6.1 Standardization of WDM Systems 311.3.6.2 WDM System Building Blocks 321.3.6.3 WDM Network Architecture 341.4 Questions 34References 35Part II Data Communication Systems 392 Data over Telephony Line 412.1 Subscriber Line Data Technologies 412.1.1 Narrowband Analog Modems 412.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 422.2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 442.2.1 Architecture of ADSL System 452.2.2 ADSL Modulation Methods 462.2.3 ADSL Latency Paths and Bearers 482.2.4 ADSL Modem Functional Block Model 492.2.5 ADSL Frame Structure 512.2.6 ADSL Bearers and Transport Classes 532.2.7 ADSL Line Initialization 542.3 VDSL 562.3.1 Architecture and Bands of VDSL System 562.3.2 VDSL Frame Structure 572.3.3 VDSL Overhead 582.3.4 VDSL Line Initialization 592.4 Questions 61References 613 Data Network Technologies 633.1 Data Link Protocols 643.1.1 Ethernet 643.1.1.1 Ethernet Standardization 643.1.1.2 Ethernet Media Access Control and Networking 653.1.1.3 Ethernet Layers and Frames 673.1.2 WLAN Systems 683.1.3 HDLC and LLC 703.1.3.1 Architecture of the HDLC System 703.1.3.2 HDLC Frame Structures 713.1.3.3 Operation of HDLC 723.1.3.4 LLC Protocol 733.1.4 PPP 733.2 Switching Protocols for Virtual Connections 753.2.1 Frame Relay 753.2.2 ATM 753.2.3 MPLS 763.3 Internet Protocol Version 4 793.3.1 History of IPv4 Protocol Suite 793.3.2 IPv 4 803.3.2.1 Architecture and Services of IPv 4 813.3.2.2 IPv4 Addressing 823.3.2.3 IPv4 Packet Structure 853.3.3 ICMP and IGMP 863.3.4 UDP 873.3.5 TCP 873.3.6 SCTP 903.3.7 QUIC 913.3.8 DNS 923.3.9 DHCP 953.3.10 Security of IPv4 Data Flows 973.3.10.1 IPSec 973.3.10.2 TLS 1003.4 Internet Protocol Version 6 1013.4.1 Standardization of IPv6 and the Initial Challenges 1013.4.2 IPv 6 1033.4.2.1 IPv6 Addressing 1033.4.2.2 IPv6 Packet Structure 1053.4.3 Methods to Support the Parallel Use of IPv4 and IPv 6 1063.4.4 ICMPv 6 1083.4.5 DHCPv 6 1083.5 IP Routing 1093.6 Web Browsing with HTTP Protocol 1123.7 Questions 118References 119Part III Mobile Cellular Systems 1234 Cellular Networks 1254.1 Cellular Networking Concepts 1254.1.1 Structure of a Cellular Network 1254.1.2 Operation of Cellular Network 1274.1.3 Antenna Technologies 1284.1.4 Multiplexing Methods in Cellular Networks 1294.1.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 1294.1.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 1304.1.4.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 1304.1.5 Mobility Management 1314.2 History of Cellular Technologies 1324.3 First Generation 1344.4 Questions 134References 1355 Second Generation 1375.1 GSM 1375.1.1 Standardization of Second Generation Cellular Systems 1375.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for GSM 1395.1.3 Architecture and Services of GSM Systems 1405.1.3.1 GSM Services 1405.1.3.2 GSM System Architecture 1415.1.3.3 GSM Functions and Procedures 1455.1.3.4 GSM Protocol Stack Architecture 1465.1.4 GSM Radio Interface 1475.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 1475.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Logical Channels 1485.1.4.3 GSM Bursts and Channel Coding 1525.1.4.4 GSM Frequency Hopping 1545.1.5 Signaling Protocols between MS and GSM Network 1555.1.5.1 LAPDm Protocol 1555.1.5.2 RIL3 Protocols 1565.1.6 Signaling Protocols of GSM Network 1575.1.6.1 Layer 1 1575.1.6.2 Layer 2 1575.1.6.3 Layer 3 1575.1.6.4 SS7 Protocols 1575.1.7 Radio Resource Management 1585.1.7.1 GSM Radio Channel Assignment 1585.1.7.2 Changing Channel Type or Data Rate 1615.1.7.3 Releasing GSM Radio Channel 1615.1.8 Security Management 1625.1.8.1 Security Algorithms 1625.1.8.2 Security Procedures 1635.1.8.3 Hiding The Identity of the User 1645.1.9 Communication Management 1645.1.9.1 Mobile Originated Call 1645.1.9.2 Mobile Terminated Call 1655.1.9.3 Call Release 1665.1.9.4 Other Communication Management Functions 1675.1.10 Voice and Message Communications 1675.1.10.1 Voice Encoding for GSM Circuit Switched Call 1675.1.10.2 Short Messages 1705.1.11 Data Connections 1715.1.11.1 Circuit Switched Data 1715.1.11.2 Data Connectivity to External Data Networks 1725.1.11.3 Data Transport within the GSM Network 1735.1.12 Mobility Management 1745.1.12.1 PLMN and Cell Selection 1745.1.12.2 Location Update 1755.1.12.3 Handover in Dedicated Mode 1775.2 General Packet Radio Service 1805.2.1 Standardization of General Packet Radio Service 1805.2.2 Architecture and Services of GPRS System 1825.2.2.1 GPRS System Architecture 1825.2.2.2 GPRS Functions and Procedures 1845.2.2.3 GPRS Protocol Stack Architecture 1855.2.3 GPRS Radio Interface 1865.2.3.1 GPRS Radio Resource Allocation 1865.2.3.2 GPRS Logical Channels 1885.2.3.3 GPRS Channel Coding and Transmitter Design 1905.2.4 Protocols between MS and GPRS Network 1915.2.4.1 MAC Protocol 1915.2.4.2 RLC Protocol 1915.2.4.3 LLC Protocol 1935.2.4.4 SNDCP Protocol 1945.2.5 Protocols of GPRS Network 1955.2.5.1 NS Layer Protocols 1955.2.5.2 BSSGP Protocol 1955.2.5.3 GTP Protocol 1965.2.6 Radio Resource Management 1985.2.6.1 Opening and Releasing of Dedicated GPRS Radio Channels 1985.2.7 Mobility Management 2005.2.7.1 GPRS Attach 2005.2.7.2 Cell Reselection 2015.2.7.3 Routing Area Update 2025.2.8 Packet Data Connections 2025.2.8.1 PDP Context Management 2025.2.8.2 Transfer of Packet Data in GPRS System 2055.3 EDGE 2055.3.1 ECSD 2065.3.2 EGPRS 2065.3.3 EGPRS 2 2075.4 Questions 208References 2096 Third Generation 2116.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 2116.1.1 Standardization of Third-Generation Cellular Systems 2116.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for WCDMA UMTS 2146.1.3 Architecture and Services of UMTS Systems 2156.1.3.1 UMTS Services 2156.1.3.2 UMTS System Architecture 2156.1.3.3 UMTS Bearer Model 2196.1.3.4 UMTS Functions and Procedures 2206.1.3.5 UMTS Protocol Stack Architecture 2216.1.3.6 UMTS Radio Channel Architecture 2226.1.4 WCDMA Radio Interface 2246.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 2246.1.4.2 Operation of WCDMA Rake Receiver 2266.1.4.3 UMTS Handover Types 2276.1.4.4 Power Control 2306.1.4.5 Logical and Transport Channels 2316.1.4.6 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 2326.1.4.7 WCDMA Transmitter Design 2356.1.5 Protocols between UE and UMTS Radio Network 2366.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 2366.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 2376.1.5.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 2386.1.5.4 Radio Resource Control Protocol 2386.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 2396.1.6.1 Mobility Management Protocol 2406.1.6.2 Connection Management Protocol 2406.1.6.3 GPRS Mobility Management Protocol 2406.1.6.4 Session Management Protocol 2416.1.7 Protocols of UTRAN Radio and Core Networks 2416.1.7.1 Link and Network Layers 2416.1.7.2 Iu User Plane Protocol 2426.1.7.3 Frame Protocol 2436.1.7.4 Node B Application Protocol 2436.1.7.5 Radio Access Network Application Protocol 2446.1.7.6 Radio Network Subsystem Application Protocol 2446.1.7.7 Mobile Application Protocol 2446.1.7.8 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 2446.1.8 Radio Resource Management 2456.1.8.1 UMTS Cell Search and Initial Access 2456.1.8.2 Opening and Releasing RRC Connections 2466.1.8.3 Selection of Channel Type and Adjusting Data Rate 2486.1.9 Security Management 2486.1.9.1 Security Algorithms 2496.1.9.2 Security Procedures 2506.1.10 Communications Management 2506.1.10.1 Mobile Originated Circuit Switched Call 2506.1.10.2 Mobile Terminated Circuit Switched Call 2526.1.10.3 Circuit Switched Call Release 2526.1.11 Voice and Message Communications 2546.1.11.1 Voice Encoding for UMTS Circuit Switched Calls 2546.1.11.2 Short Message 2556.1.12 Packet Data Connections 2556.1.12.1 Quality of Service Classes and Parameters 2556.1.12.2 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation by UE 2566.1.12.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Activation by the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 2586.1.12.4 Packet Data Protocol Context Deactivation 2586.1.13 Mobility Management 2596.1.13.1 Cell Reselection 2596.1.13.2 Location Area Update for CS Domain 2606.1.13.3 Routing Area Update for PS Domain 2616.1.13.4 Handover in Radio Resource Control Connected State 2616.2 High-Speed Packet Access 2636.2.1 General 2636.2.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 2646.2.3 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 2686.2.4 High-Speed Packet Access Advanced 2716.3 Questions 273References 2747 Fourth Generation 2777.1 LTE and SAE 2777.1.1 Standardization of Fourth-Generation Cellular Systems 2777.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for LTE 2797.1.3 Architecture and Services of LTE Systems 2807.1.3.1 LTE Services 2807.1.3.2 LTE and SAE System Architecture 2817.1.3.3 LTE Bearer Model 2867.1.3.4 LTE Protocol Stack Architecture 2867.1.3.5 LTE Radio Channel Architecture 2887.1.4 LTE Radio Interface 2887.1.4.1 OFDMA and QAM for LTE Downlink 2897.1.4.2 Downlink Reference Signals and Link Adaptation 2907.1.4.3 SC-FDMA for LTE Uplink 2927.1.4.4 Power Control and DRX 2937.1.4.5 Scheduling 2937.1.4.6 Multiantenna Methods and UE Categories 2957.1.4.7 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 2987.1.4.8 Logical and Transport Channels 3007.1.4.9 LTE Transmitter Design 3017.1.4.10 Support for Machine Type Communication and Internet of Things 3027.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and LTE Radio Network 3057.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 3057.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 3067.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol 3067.1.5.4 RRC Protocol 3077.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 3087.1.6.1 NAS Protocols EMM and ESM 3087.1.7 Protocols of LTE Radio and Core Networks 3087.1.7.1 S1AP Protocol 3087.1.7.2 X2AP Protocol 3097.1.7.3 GTP-C Protocol 3097.1.7.4 GTP-U Protocol 3107.1.7.5 Diameter Protocol 3107.1.8 Protocols Used between EPC and UTRAN or GERAN Networks 3117.1.8.1 SGsAP Protocol 3117.1.9 Radio Resource Management 3117.1.9.1 LTE Initial Access 3117.1.9.2 Opening RRC Connection 3147.1.9.3 Releasing the RRC Connection 3157.1.10 Security Management 3157.1.10.1 Authentication 3157.1.10.2 Encryption and Integrity Protection 3167.1.11 Packet Data Connections 3177.1.11.1 Quality of Service 3177.1.11.2 EPS Bearers 3187.1.11.3 Initial Default EPS Bearer Opening at LTE Initial Access 3187.1.11.4 Opening Connections to Other PDNs 3207.1.11.5 Opening Dedicated EPS Bearers 3207.1.11.6 User Data Transport 3217.1.11.7 Disconnecting from Packet Data Network 3237.1.12 Mobility Management 3237.1.12.1 Cell Reselection and Tracking Area Update 3247.1.12.2 Handover in RRC Connected State 3247.1.13 Voice and Message Communications 3287.1.13.1 CSFB for Voice Call 3297.1.13.2 SMS over SG 3307.2 Questions 331References 3328 Fifth Generation 3358.1 5g 3358.1.1 Standardization of Fifth-Generation Cellular Systems 3358.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for 5G NR 3378.1.3 Architecture and Services of 5G Systems 3388.1.3.1 5G Services 3388.1.3.2 5G System Architecture 3388.1.3.3 5G Protocol Stack Architecture 3458.1.3.4 5G Bearers and Radio Channels 3458.1.4 5G NR Radio Interface 3468.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 3478.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 3488.1.4.3 Scheduling 3508.1.4.4 5G NR Reference Signals 3508.1.4.5 Beam Management 3518.1.4.6 Multi-Band Coexistence 3528.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and NR Radio Network 3558.1.5.1 MAC Protocol 3558.1.5.2 RLC Protocol 3568.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol 3568.1.5.4 RRC Protocol 3578.1.5.5 SDAP Protocol 3588.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network 3588.1.6.1 NAS Protocols MM and SM 3588.1.7 Protocols of 5G Radio and Core Networks 3598.1.7.1 NGAP Protocol 3598.1.7.2 XnAP Protocol 3598.1.7.3 PFCP Protocol 3598.1.8 Radio Resource Management 3608.1.8.1 Initial Access and Registration to 5G 3608.1.8.2 Opening RRC Connection 3628.1.8.3 Resuming RRC Connection 3638.1.8.4 Releasing the RRC Connection 3648.1.8.5 Service Request 3648.1.8.6 Beam Recovery 3658.1.9 Security Management 3658.1.9.1 Authentication and NAS Security Mode 3658.1.10 Packet Data Connections 3668.1.10.1 Quality of Service Model 3668.1.10.2 Creating 5G PDU Session 3678.1.10.3 Activating Existing PDU Sessions 3698.1.10.4 PDU Session Modification 3708.1.10.5 User Data Transport 3708.1.10.6 Releasing PDU Session 3718.1.11 Mobility Management 3728.1.11.1 NR Registration in RRC Idle State 3728.1.11.2 RNA Update in RRC Inactive State 3748.1.11.3 Handover in RRC Connected State 3758.1.12 Voice and Message Communications 3778.2 Questions 379References 379Part IV IP Multimedia Systems 3819 Convergence 3839.1 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IP Multimedia 3839.2 SIP Systems 3859.2.1 Standardization of SIP 3859.2.2 Architecture and Services of SIP System 3869.2.2.1 SIP Multimedia System Services 3869.2.2.2 SIP System Architecture 3869.2.2.3 SIP Protocol Stack and Operation 3889.3 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem 3889.3.1 Standardization of IMS 3889.3.2 Architecture and Services of IMS System 3909.3.2.1 IMS Services 3909.3.2.2 IMS System Architecture 3909.3.2.3 IMS User Identities and Service Profiles 3929.3.3 IMS Functions and Procedures 3939.3.3.1 IMPU Registration State Management 3939.3.3.2 Authenticating IMS Subscribers 3949.3.3.3 SIP Security Mechanism Agreement and Ipsec-3gpp 3959.3.3.4 Resolving the Address of Local P-CSCF 3959.3.3.5 Signaling Compression 3969.3.3.6 Media Negotiation 3969.3.3.7 Charging Support 3979.3.4 IMS System Procedures 3989.3.4.1 Registration and Authentication 3989.3.4.2 Voice Call Setup 3999.4 Voice over LTE 4019.4.1 Standardization of VoLTE 4019.4.2 VoLTE System Procedures 4029.4.2.1 Registering to VoLTE Service within LTE Attach 4029.4.2.2 Call Setup and Release 4039.4.2.3 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 4049.4.2.4 Emergency Call 4089.4.2.5 Short Message over IP 4109.4.2.6 SMS Interworking 4119.4.2.7 Supplementary Services 4119.4.2.8 DTMF Tones 4139.4.2.9 VoLTE Roaming 4139.5 IMS Voice over 5G NR 4139.6 Voice over WiFi 4149.7 Questions 416References 416Summary - The Transformation 419Index 425Online AppendicesAppendix A Challenges and solutions of communication systems

O autorze

Erkki Koivusalo has worked at Nokia for over 20 years in a range of roles. He has extensive experience on fixed and mobile communications systems of various types. He is currently an Advisor at Sofigate in Helsinki, Finland, and helps clients for building complex IT systems.