Convection in Porous Media

ISBN-13: 9783319495613 / Angielski / Twarda / 2017 / 988 str.

Donald A. Nield; Adrian Bejan

Opis

This updated edition of a widely admired text provides a user-friendly introduction to the field that requires only routine mathematics. The book starts with the elements of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and covers a wide range of applications from fibrous insulation and catalytic reactors to geological strata, nuclear waste disposal, geothermal reservoirs, and the storage of heat-generating materials. As the standard reference in the field, this book will be essential to researchers and practicing engineers, while remaining an accessible introduction for graduate students and others entering the field. The new edition features 2700 new references covering a number of rapidly expanding fields, including the heat transfer properties of nanofluids and applications involving local thermal non-equilibrium and microfluidic effects.

Spis treści

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Nomenclature

1 Mechanics of Fluid Flow through a Porous Medium

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Porosity

1.3 Seepage Velocity and the Equation of Continuity

1.4 Momentum Equation: Darcy's Law

1.4.1 Darcy's Law: Permeability

1.4.2 Deterministic Models Leading to Darcy's Law

1.4.3 Statistical Models Leading to Darcy's Law

1.5 Extensions of Darcy's Law

1.5.1 Acceleration and Other Inertial Effects

1.5.2 Quadratic Drag: Forchheimer's Equation

1.5.3 Brinkman's Equation

1.5.4 Non-Newtonian Fluid

1.6 Hydrodynamic Boundary Conditions

1.7 Effects of Porosity Variation

1.8 Turbulence in Porous Media

1.9 Fractured Media, Deformable Media, and Complex Porous Media

1.10 Bidisperse Porous Media

2 Heat Transfer through a Porous Medium

2.1 Energy Equation: Simple Case

2.2 Energy Equation: Extensions to More Complex Situations

2.2.1 Overall Thermal Conductivity of a Porous Medium

2.2.2 Effects of Pressure Changes, and Viscous Dissipation

2.2.3 Absence of Local Thermal Equilibrium

2.2.4 Thermal Dispersion

2.2.5 Cellular Porous Media

2.3 Oberbeck-Boussinesq Approximation

2.4 Thermal Boundary Conditions

2.5 Hele-Shaw Analogy

2.6 Bioheat Transfer and Other Approaches

3 Mass Transfer in a Porous Medium: Multicomponent and Multiphase Flows

3.1 Multicomponent Flow: Basic Concepts

3.2 Mass Conservation in a Mixture

3.3 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer

3.4 Effects of a Chemical Reaction

3.5 Multiphase Flow

3.5.1 Conservation of Mass

3.5.2 Conservation of Momentum

3.5.3 Conservation of Energy

3.5.4 Summary: Relative Permeabilities

3.6 Unsaturated Porous Media

3.7 Electrodiffusion through Porous media

3.8 Nanofluids

4 Forced Convection

4.1 Plane Wall with Prescribed Temperature

4.2 Plane Wall with Prescribed Heat Flux

4.3 Sphere and Cylinder: Boundary Layers

4.4 Point Source and Line Source: Thermal Wakes

4.5 Confined Flow

4.6 Transient Effects

4.6.1 Scale Analysis

4.6.2 Wall with Constant Temperature

4.6.3 Wall with Constant Heat Flux

4.6.4 Other Configurations

4.7 Effects of Inertia and Thermal Dispersion: External Flow

4.8 Effects of Boundary Friction and Porosity Variation: External Flow

4.9 Effects of Boundary Friction, Inertia, Porosity Variation, Viscous Dissipation, and Thermal Dispersion: Confined Flow

4.10 Local Thermal Nonequilibrium

4.11 Partly Porous Configurations

4.12 Transversely Heterogeneous Channels and Pipes

4.13 Thermal Development

4.14 Surfaces Covered with Porous Layers

4.15 Designed Porous Media

4.16 Other Configurations or Effects

4.16.1 Effect of Temperature-dependent Viscosity

4.16.2 Oscillatory Flows, Counterflows

4.16.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids

4.16.4 Bidisperse Porous Media

4.16.5 Other Flows, Other Effects4.17 Heatlines for Visualizing Convection

4.18 Constructal Tree Networks: Flow Access in Volume-to-Point Structures

4.18.1 The Fundamental Volume-to-Point Flow Problem

4.18.2 The Elemental Volume

4.18.3 The First Construct

4.18.4 Higher-Order Constructs

4.18.5 The Constructal Law of Design and Evolution in Nature

4.19 Constructal Multiscale Flow Structures; Vascular Design:

4.20 Optimal Spacings for Plates Separated by Porous Structures

5. External Natural Convection

5.1 Vertical Plate

5.1.1 Power Law Wall Temperature: Similarity Solution

5.1.2 Vertical Plate with Lateral Mass Flux

5.1.3 Transient Case: Integral Method

5.1.4 Effects of Ambient Thermal Stratification

5.1.5 Conjugate Boundary Layers

5.1.6 Higher-Order Boundary Layer Theory

5.1.7 Effects of Boundary Friction, Inertia, and Thermal Dispersion

5.1.7.1 Boundary Friction Effects

5.1.7.2 Inertial Effects

5.1.7.3 Thermal Dispersion Effects

5.1.8 Experimental Investigations

5.1.9 Further Extensions of the Theory

5.1.9.1 Particular Analytical Solutions

5.1.9.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids

5.1.9.3 Local Thermal NonEquilibrium

5.1.9.4 Volumetric Heating due to Viscous Dissipation, Radiation or Otherwise

5.1.9.5 Anisotropy and Heterogeneity

5.1.9.6 Wavy Surface

5.1.9.7 Time-dependent Gravity or Time-dependent Heating

5.1.9.8 Newtonian Thermal Boundary Condition

5.1.9.9 Other aspects

5.2 Horizontal Plate

5.3 Inclined Plate

5.4 Vortex Instability

5.5 Horizontal Cylinder

5.5.1 Flow at High Rayleigh Number

5.5.2 Flow at Low and Intermediate Rayleigh Number

5.6 Sphere

5.6.1 Flow at High Rayleigh Number

5.6.2 Flow at Low Rayleigh Number

5.6.3 Flow at Intermediate Rayleigh Number

5.7 Vertical Cylinder

5.8 Cone

5.9 General Two-Dimensional or Axisymmetric Surface

5.10 Horizontal Line Heat Source

5.10.1 Flow at High Rayleigh Number

5.10.1.1 Darcy Model

5.10.1.2 Forchheimer Model

5.10.2 Flow at Low Rayleigh Number

5.11 Point Heat Source

5.11.1 Flow at High Rayleigh Number

5.11.2 Flow at Low Rayleigh Number

5.11.3 Flow at Intermediate Rayleigh Number

5.12 Other Configurations

5.12.1 Fins Projecting from a Heated Base

5.12.2 Flows in Regions Bounded by Two Planes 5.12.3 Other Situations

5.13 Surfaces Covered with Hair

6 Internal Natural Convection: Heating from Below

6.1 Horton-Rogers-Lapwood Problem

6.2 Linear Stability Analysis

6.3 Weak Nonlinear Theory: Energy and Heat Transfer Results

6.4 Weak Nonlinear Theory: Further Results

6.5 Effects of Solid-Fluid Heat Transfer: Local Thermal Non-equilibrium

6.6 Non-Darcy, Dispersion, and Viscous Dissipation Effects

6.7 Non-Boussinesq Effects

6.8 Finite-Amplitude Convection: Numerical Computation and Higher-Order Transitions

6.9 Experimental Observations

6.9.1 Observations of Flow Patterns and Heat Transfer

6.9.2 Correlations of the Heat Transfer Data6.9.3 Further Experimental Observations

6.10 Effects of Net Mass Flow

6.10.1 Horizontal Throughflow6.10.2 Vertical Throughflow

6.11 Effects of Nonlinear Basic Temperature Profiles

6.11.1 General Theory

6.11.2 Internal Heating

6.11.3 Time-Dependent Heating

6.11.4 Penetrative Convection, Icy Water

6.12 Effects of Anisotropy

6.13 Effects of Heterogeneity

6.13.1 General Considerations

6.13.2 Layered Porous Medium

6.13.3 Analogy between Layering and Anisotropy

6.13.4 Heterogeneity in the Horizontal Direction

6.14 Effects of Nonuniform Heating

6.15 Rectangular Box or Channel

6.15.1 Linear Stability Analysis, Bifurcation Theory, and Numerical Studies

6.15.2 Thin Box or Slot

6.15.3 Additional Effects

6.16 Cylinder 6.16.1 Vertical Cylinder or Annulus

6.16.2 Horizontal Cylinder or Annulus

6.17 Internal Heating in Other Geometries

6.18 Localized Heating and Wavy Surface

6.19 Superposed Fluid and Porous Layers

6.19.1 Onset of Convection

6.19.1.1 Formulation

6.19.1.2 Results

6.19.2 Flow Patterns and Heat Transfer

6.19.3 Other Configurations and Effects

6.20 Layer Saturated with Water Near 4˚C

6.21 Effects of a Magnetic Field

6.22 Effects of Rotation

6.23 Other Types of Fluids or Situations

6.24 Effects of Vertical Vibration and Variable Gravity

6.25 Bioconvection

6.26 Constructal Theory of Bénard Convection

6.26.1 The Many Counterflows Regime

6.26.2 The Few Plumes Regime

6.26.3 The Intersection of Asymptotes

7 Internal Natural Convection: Heating from the Side

7.1 Darcy Flow between Isothermal Side Walls

7.1.1 Heat Transfer Regimes

7.1.2 Boundary Layer Regime<

7.1.3 Shallow Layer

7.1.4 Stability of Flow

7.1.5 Conjugate Convection

7.1.6 Non-Newtonian Fluid

7.1.7 Other situations

7.2 Side Walls with Uniform Flux or Other Thermal Conditions

7.3 Other Configurations and Effects of Property Variation

7.3.1 Internal Partitions

7.3.2 Effects of Heterogeneity and Anisotropy

7.3.3 Cylindrical or Annular Enclosure

7.3.4 Spherical Enclosure

7.3.5 Porous Medium Saturated with Water Near 4˚C

7.3.6 Attic-Shaped Enclosure

7.3.7 Other Enclosures

7.3.8 Internal Heating

7.4 Penetrative Convection

7.4.1 Lateral Penetration

7.4.2 Vertical Penetration

7.4.3 Other Penetrative Flows

7.5 Transient Effects

7.6 Departure from Darcy Flow

7.6.1 Inertial Effects

7.6.2 Boundary Friction, Variable Porosity, Local Thermal Nonequilibrium, Viscous Dissipation, and Thermal Dispersion Effects

7.7 Fluid and Porous Regions

7.8 Sloping Porous Layer or Enclosure

7.9 Inclined Temperature Gradient

7.10 Periodic Heating

7.11 Sources in Confined or Partly Confined Regions

7.12 Effects of Rotation

8 Mixed Convection

8.1 External Flow

8.1.1 Inclined or Vertical Plane Wall

8.1.2 Horizontal Wall

8.1.3 Cylinder or Sphere

8.1.4 Other Geometries

8.1.5 Unified Theory

8.2 Internal Flow: Horizontal Channel

8.2.1 Horizontal Layer: Uniform Heating

8.2.2 Horizontal Layer: Localized Heating

8.2.3 Horizontal Annulus

8.2.4 Horizontal Layer: Lateral Heating

8.3 Internal Flow: Vertical Channel

8.3.1 Vertical Layer: Uniform Heating

8.3.2 Vertical Layer: Localized Heating

8.3.3 Vertical Annulus: Uniform Heating

8.3.4 Vertical Annulus: Localized Heating

8.4 Other Geometries and Other Effects

8.4.1 Partly Porous Configurations

8.4.2 Jet Impingement

8.4.3 Other aspects

9 Double-Diffusive Convection

9.1 Vertical Heat and Mass Transfer

9.1.1 Horton-Rogers-Lapwood Problem 9.1.2 Nonlinear Initial Profiles

9.1.3 Finite-Amplitude Effects

9.1.4 Soret and Dufour Cross-Diffusion Effects

9.1.5 Flow at High Rayleigh Number

9.1.6 Other Effects

9.1.6.1 Dispersion

9.1.6.2 Anisotropy and Heterogeneity

9.1.6.3 Brinkman Model

9.1.6.4 Additional Effects

9.2 Horizontal Heat and Mass Transfer <9.2.1 Boundary Layer Flow and External Natural Convection

9.2.2 Enclosed Porous Medium

9.2.3 Transient Effects

9.2.4 Stability of Flow

9.3 Concentrated Heat and Mass Sources

9.3.1 Point Source

9.3.2 Horizontal Line Source

rations

9.5 Inclined and Crossed Gradients

9.6 Mixed Double-Diffusive Convection

9.6.1 Mixed External Convection

9.6.2 Mixed Internal Convection

9.7 Nanofluids

10 Convection with Change of Phase

10.1 Melting

10.1.1 Enclosure Heated from the Side

10.1.2 Scale Analysis

10.1.3 Effect of Liquid Superheating

10.1.4 Horizontal Liquid Layer

10.1.5 Vertical Melting Front in an Infinite Porous Medium

10.1.6 A More General Model

10.1.7 Further Studies

10.2 Freezing and Solidification

10.2.1 Cooling from the Side

10.2.1.1 Steady State

10.2.1.2 Other Studies

10.2.2 Cooling from Above

10.2.3 Solidification of Binary Alloys

10.3 Boiling and Evaporation

10.3.1 Boiling Produced by Heating from Below

10.3.2 Film Boiling

10.3.2 Forced Convection with Evaporation

10.4 Condensation<

10.5 Spaces Filled with Fluid and Fibers Coated with a Phase-Change Material

11 Geophysical Aspects

11.1 Snow

11.2 Patterned Ground

11.3 Thawing Subsea Permafrost

11.4 Magma Production and Magma Chambers

11.5 Diagenetic Processes

11.6 Oceanic Crust

11.6.1 Heat Flux Distribution

11.6.2 Topographical Forcing

11.7 Geothermal Reservoirs: Injection and Withdrawal

11.8 Other Aspects of Single-Phase Flow

11.9 Two-Phase Flow

11.9.1 Vapor-Liquid Counterflow

11.9.2 Heat Pipes

11.9.3 Other Aspects

11.10 Cracks in Shrinking Solids

11.11 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

11.12 Reaction Scenarios

11.12.1 Reaction Fronts

11.12 .2 Gradient Reactions

11.12.3 Mixing Zones

References

Index

O autorze

Following five years of service in the Royal New Zealand Navy, Donald Nield has held an appointment at the University of Auckland since 1962, the first 24 years in the Department of Mathematics and the remainder in the Department of Engineering Science, where he is currently an Honorary Academic. He holds the degrees of BD (Otago), MSc (NZ), MA (Cambridge) and PhD (Auckland). He currently serves as an Associate Editor of the journal Transport in Porous Media.

Adrian Bejan earned all his degrees at M.I.T.: B.S. (1971, Honors Course), M.S. (1972, Honors Course) and Ph.D. (1975). His work is in engineering science, applied physics, and the Constructal Law of physics, which governs organization and evolution in nature. He is the author of 30 books and over 600 peer-refereed journal articles. In 2001 he was ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in all Engineering worldwide. He is a member of the Academy of Europe, and an honorary member of ASME. He was awarded 18 honorary doctorates from universities in 11 countries.

Blurb

This updated edition of a widely admired text provides a user-friendly introduction to the field that requires only routine mathematics. The book starts with the elements of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and covers a wide range of applications from fibrous insulation and catalytic reactors to geological strata, nuclear waste disposal, geothermal reservoirs, and the storage of heat-generating materials. As the standard reference in the field, this book will be essential to researchers and practicing engineers, while remaining an accessible introduction for graduate students and others entering the field. The new edition features 2700 new references covering a number of rapidly expanding fields, including the heat transfer properties of nanofluids and applications involving local thermal non-equilibrium and microfluidic effects.

• Recognized as the standard reference in the field
• Includes a comprehensive, 350-page reference list
• Cited over 5900 times to date in its various editions
• Serves as an introduction for those entering the field and as a comprehensive reference for experienced researchers
• Covers the latest developments in research on nanofluids and CO2 sequestration