Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology: Volume 3

ISBN-13: 9781468430479 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 268 str.

Max Cooper

Opis

Contemporary immunobiology is an ever-diversifying field that embraces many aspects of cellular and humoral immune responsiveness. This includes the phylogeny, ontogeny, induction, regulation, expression, and differentiation of the immune-cell series, as well as the relationship of these to the pathogenesis of many disease processes. It is clearly beyond the limitations of each volume in this series to comprehensively cover progress in each of these fields. Three general areas of contemporary investigations are discussed in the current issue: cellular events of B cell differentiation, including antigen recognition and respon siveness of B lymphocytes; regulation of the immune response by T cells, and the roles of this regulatory system in allotype suppression and in autoimm unity; and the genetic control of immune responses and its possible relation to disease pathogenesis. Analysis of responsiveness of B lymphocytes has been greatly aided by the availability of athymic nude mice. The immunological responsiveness of these mice to a wide range of stimuli has been reviewed and analyzed by H. H. Wortis. This article concludes with the provocative thesis that in the future "nudes will supply new rather than confirmatory data . . . (especially regarding) the develop ment of neoplasia. " In contrast to the studies on the congenitally athymic mice, G. F."

Spis treści

1. T Cell Control of Antibody Production.- Evidence for a Suppressor Effect of T Cells.- Specific Effects.- Nonspecific Effects.- Effects in the Absence of Viable B Cells.- Suppressor Macrophages.- Suppressor Animals.- Interactions Between T Cell Subpopulations.- Subclasses of B Cells.- Meaning of “Thymus Independency”.- T Cell Discrimination of Signals.- Role in Genetically Controlled Responsiveness to Antigen.- Role of Physical Characteristics of Antigen.- Role of Antibody.- Role in Antigen Dose Effects.- Do Tolerant Cells Exist?.- Meaning in Life.- Possible Models.- Summary.- Abbreviations.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2. Short-Term and Chronic Allotype Suppression in Mice.- Allotype Suppression in Rabbits.- Allotype Suppression in Mice.- Immunoglobulin Allotypes in Mice.- Origins of Immunoglobulins in Young Mice.- Short-Term Allotype Suppression.- Specificity of Suppression.- Suppression of Antibody Carrying the Suppressed Allotype.- Chronic Allotype Suppression.- Immunologic Abnormalities of SJL/J Mice.- Chronic Allotype Suppression in (SJL X BALB/c) Hybrids.- SJL Genome and Chronic Suppression.- Active Factor Responsible for Chronic Suppression.- Mixture-Transfer Assay for Suppression.- Suppressor T-Cells in Lymphoid Tissues.- Chronic Suppression by Transfer of Suppressor Cells to Young Syngeneic Hybrids.- Role of the Thymus in Generation and Maintenance of Suppression.- Mechanism of Chronic Allotype Suppression.- B-CelI Differentiation.- T-Cell Functions.- Suppression of Immunoglobulins in Other Systems.- Suppressor T-Cells as Killers?.- Suppressor T-Cells as Regulators?.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. On the Relationship Between Cellular and Humoral Antibodies.- Cellular and Humoral Antibodies Produced by B Cells.- Identification of the Antigen-Binding, Cellular Receptor as an Immunoglobulin.- Orientation and Chemistry of Membrane-Bound Immunoglobulin.- Distribution and Density of Membrane-Bound Ig or Antigen-Binding Receptors.- The Relationship Between Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Class in.- Receptor and Humoral Antibody Produced by the Same Cell.- The Antigen-Binding Specificity of Surface Antibodies in Comparison to Humoral Antibodies Produced by the Same Cell.- A Speculative Comparison of the Competitive Capacity for Antigen of Cellbound vs. Humoral Antibodies.- The Role of Cellular Antibodies in the Induction of Humoral Antibody Formation.- Cellular and Humoral Antibodies Produced by T Cells.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4. T Cell Modification of B Cell Responses to Antigen in Mice.- Experimental T Cell Deficiencies.- Nonspecific.- Specific (Antigen-Induced).- “T Cell Independent” Responses of B Cells.- Class of Antibody Produced.- Fate of B Cells.- Responses to Persisting Antigens.- Conclusions.- Abbreviations.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5. Genetic Control of Antibody Responses to Myeloma Proteins of Mice.- Immunoglobulin Allotypes of the Mouse.- Genetic Control of the Immune Response to BALB/c IgA Myeloma Proteins.- Genetic Control of the Immune Response to BALB/c IgG Myeloma Proteins.- Genetic Control of the Immune Response to BALB/c IgH (?2 b) Myeloma Proteins.- Mapping of Ir Genes in the H-2 Complex.- Function of Ir Gene Products.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 6. Histocompatibility Systems, Immune Response, and Disease in Man.- HL-A and H-2.- H-2 and Murine Leukemia.- Immune Response Genes.- HL-A and Disease.- Serological Inadequacy in the Definition of HL-A Specificities.- The Definition of the Disease Itself.- Statistical Evaluation of an Association Between an HL-A Specificity and a Disease.- Leukemias.- Lymphomas.- Immunopathic Diseases.- Genetic Diseases.- Cancer (Other than Lymphomas).- Infectious Diseases.- HL-A and Immune Responses.- Nature of Association Between HL-A and Disease.- References.- 7. Antigen-Binding Receptors on Lymphocytes.- Methods for Measuring ABC.- ABC in Nonimmune Animals.- ABC in Immune Animals.- ABC in Tolerance.- Summary.- References.- 8. Modification of B Lymphocyte Differentiation by Anti-immunoglobulins.- Suppression of First Stage B Lymphocyte Differentiation: In Vivo Models.- Suppression of Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Mice.- Suppression of Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Anti-µ Antibodies.- Treatment of Mice with Antibodies to ?1, ?2, and a Determinants.- Suppression of IgG1.- Suppression with Anti-IgG2 and Anti-IgA.- Evidence that IgA Committed Cells Are Derived from IgG Bearing Precursors.- Suppression of Second Stage Differentiation by Anti-Immunoglobulins: In Vitro Models.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9. The Roles of T and B Lymphocytes in Self-Tolerance and Autoimmunity.- Tolerance in T and B Lymphocytes.- T Cell Helper Effects in Immune Responses.- Autoantigen-Binding Lymphocytes in Normal Subjects.- Allogeneic Cell Stimulation, Adjuvants, and Autoantibody Formation.- Virus Infections.- Effects of Haptens and Drugs.- Control of Immune Responses by T Cells.- Congenital Virus Infections.- General Comment.- References.- 10. Immunological Studies of Nude Mice.- Genetics.- Cellular Defects.- The Thymus.- Thymocyte Precursors.- Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes.- Thymus Independent Lymphocytes.- Response to Mitogens.- Mitogenic Response to Allogeneic Cells.- Mitogenic Responses to Antigens.- Antigen Binding.- Immunoglobulin Levels.- Response to Thymus Independent Antigens.- Response to Thymus Dependent Antigen.- Sheep Red Blood Cells.- Other Antigens.- Contact Sensitivity.- Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity.- Skin Grafts.- Tumor Grafts.- Spontaneous Tumors.- Effect of Mitogens on Antibody Production In Vitro.- Effect of Thymocytes and Thymus-Derived Cells on Antibody Production In Vitro.- Thymus Grafts In Vivo.- Comments.- Acknowledgments.- References.