Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology

ISBN-13: 9781468438239 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 652 str.

Benjamin B. Wolman

Opis

Twenty years is a long time in the life of a science. While the historical roots of psychology have not changed since the first edition of this book, some of the offshoots of the various theories and systems discussed have been crit ically reexamined and have undergone far-reaching modifications. New and bold research has led to a broadening of perspectives, and recent devel opments in several areas required a considerable amount of rewriting. I have been fortunate in the last fifteen years to have worked with about 2,000 psychologists and other behavioral scientists who contributed to several collected volumes I have edited. As the editor-in-chief of the In ternational Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Neurol ogy, I have had the privilege of reading, scrutinizing, and editing the work of 1,500 experts in psychology and related disciplines. In addition, I have written several books and monographs and over one hundred scientific papers. Armed with all that experience, I have carefully examined the pages of the first edition. Chapter 8 required substantial rewriting and several new sections have been added to other chapters: "Current Soviet Psychol ogy" (Chapter 2, Section 7); "New Ideas on Purposivism" (Chapter 5, Sec tion 4); "Recent Developments in the Sociological School of Psychoanalysis" (Chapter 9, Section 4); and "Present Status of Gestalt Psychology" (Chapter 12, Section 4). Chapter 15 was omitted, and two new chapters were added: Chapter 14 ("Humanistic Psychology") and Chapter 16 ("Selected Research Areas")."

Spis treści

I Conditioning, Behaviorism, and Purposivism.- 1 The Great Beginnings.- 1. Psychophysical Parallelism and Introspectionism.- 2. Functionalism.- 3. Edward L. Thorndike: Connectionism.- 2 Conditioned Reflexes.- 1. The Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Processes.- 2. Conditioning.- 3. Theory of Personality.- 4. Concluding Remarks on Pavlov.- 5. Vladimir M. Bekhterev: Reflexology.- 6. Under the Banner of Marx and Pavlov.- 7. Current Soviet Psychology.- 3 Behaviorism and Reductionism.- 1. John B. Watson: Psychology as the Science of Behavior.- 2. The Early Behaviorists.- 3. Karl S. Lashley: Brain Mechanisms.- 4. Donald O. Hebb: Organization of Behavior.- 4 Neo-Behaviorism and Learning Theory.- 1. Edwin R. Guthrie: Learning by Contiguity.- 2. Clark L. Hull: Deductive Behaviorism.- 3. B. F. Skinner: Inductive Behaviorism.- 4. Edward C. Tolman: Purposive Behaviorism.- 5. Gregory Razran: Evolutionary Levels of Learning.- 6. Learning Theory Influenced by Psychoanalysis.- 7. Some Problems in the Theory of Learning.- 8. The Current Status of Learning Theory.- 5 Hormic and Holistic Theories.- 1. William McDougall: Hormic Psychology.- 2. Kurt Goldstein: Holistic System.- 3. Jacob R. Kantor: Organismic Psychology.- 4. Some New Ideas on Purposivism.- Summary of Part I.- II Psychoanalysis and Related Systems.- 6 Psychoanalysis.- 1. Methodology.- 2. Postulates.- 3. The Unconscious.- 4. Theory of Instincts: Eros and Thanatos.- 5. Developmental Stages.- 6. Theory of Personality.- 7. Society and Culture.- 8. Psychoanalysis as a Philosophy of Life.- 9. Concluding Remarks on Psychoanalysis.- 7 Individual and Analytic Psychologies.- 1. Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology.- 2. Carl Gustav Jung: Analytic Psychology.- 8 New Theories in Psychoanalysis.- 1. Psychoanalysis Modified by Clinical Experience: Orthodox and Unorthodox.- 2. Early Modifications in Psychoanalytic Theory.- 3. Ego Psychology.- 4. Psychoanalysis and Studies of Culture.- 5. Interactional Psychoanalysis.- 6. Psychoanalysis and Experimental Psychology.- 7. Critical Analyses of Psychoanalytic Concepts.- 9 Away from Freud: The Sociological School.- 1. New Ways in Psychoanalysis.- 2. Karen Horney: Psychoanalysis without Libido.- 3. Erich Fromm: Historical and Ethical Psychoanalysis.- 4. Harry S. Sullivan: A Theory of Interpersonal Relations.- 5. Recent Developments in Horney’s Theory.- Summary of Part II.- III Understanding, Gestalt, and Field Psychologies.- 10 Understanding Psychology.- 1. Kant’s Heritage.- 2. Wilhelm Dilthey: The Understanding Psychology.- 11 Personalistic Psychology.- 1. Edward Spranger: Psychology of Personality.- 2. William Stern: Persons versus Things.- 3. Gordon W. Allport: Personality Traits.- 12 Gestalt Psychology.- 1. Opposition to Associationism.- 2. Gestalt: Theoretical Foundations.- 3. Gestalt: Perception, Learning, and Thinking.- 4. Present Status of Gestalt Psychology.- 13 Field Theory.- 1. Field Theory versus Class Theory.- 2. Lewin’s Mathematical Concepts.- 3. Lewin’s Logical Constructs.- 4. Locomotion: Theory of Behavior.- 5. Theory of Personality.- 6. Group Dynamics.- 7. Field Theory as an Experiment in Theory Construction.- 14 Humanistic Psychology.- 1. The Humanistic Movement.- 2. Andras Angyl.- 3. Abraham Maslow.- 4. Henry A. Murray.- 5. J. F. T. Bugental.- 6. Gardner Murphy.- 7. Carl Rogers.- Summary of Part III.- IV Psychology and the Scientific Method.- 15 The Scientific Method.- 1. First Principles.- 2. Collection of Data.- 3. Interpretation of Data and Theory Construction.- 4. The Language of Sciences.- 5. Some Current Methodological Problems.- 16 Selected Issues.- 1. The Mind-Body Dichotomy.- 2. Beyond Pleasure and Pain.- 3. Perception.- 4. Personality.- Summary of Part IV.- Author Index.