Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology

ISBN-13: 9781461339694 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 506 str.

Derek Blackman

Opis

The effects of drugs on behavior are of inherent interest and psycho pharmacology has provided a focus for research activity for many years. Until recently, however, it could be claimed that the contribution of pharmacology was more obvious than that of psychology in the de velopment of what should surely prove to be a matter for interdis ciplinary endeavor. Pharmacological analyses of drug action have frequently been expressed in terms of dose-response functions, for ex ample, with the dependent variable taking the form of patterns of be havior whose controlling influences were but poorly understood. The introduction of operant conditioning techniques has transformed psy chopharmacology in this respect. Operant analyses have traditionally emphasized the environmental determinants of behavior and have ex plored the behavioral outcomes of many different experimental ar rangements. These different behavioral repertoires have quickly proved to be of great importance in influencing the behavioral effects of drugs, and so psychologists have begun to playa role which better balances that of the pharmacologist in experimental psychophar macology. To reflect the development of these interdisciplinary studies, several excellent books have been published in recent years. These 1 have included introductory texts, collections of important experi mental reports which had appeared in learnedjournals,2 and authorita 3 tive handbooks which survey the current scene.

Spis treści

1 • Schedule-Controlled Behavior and the Effects of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 2.1. Processes of Reinforcement and Punishment.- 2.2. Schedules and Other Determinants of Reinforcement and Punishment.- 2.3. Control of Behavior by Noxious Stimuli.- 2.4. Nature and Significance of Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 3. Effects of Drugs on Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 3.1. Response Rate as a Determinant of the Behavioral Effects of Drugs.- 3.2. Effects of Drugs on Behaviors Maintained by Different Events.- 3.3. Effects of Drugs on Punished Responding.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 2 • The Effects of Drugs on Behavior Controlled by Aversive Stimul.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Methodological Issues Surrounding the Use of Electric Shock.- 1.2. Problems Associated with Operant Schedules That Utilize Electric Shock.- 2. Drug—Behavior Interactions in Conflict—Punishment Procedures.- 2.1. Geller Conflict Schedule.- 2.2. Effects of Drugs on Other Punishment Schedules and Species.- 2.3. Review of Drug Effects upon a Standard Conflict—Punishment Paradigm.- 2.4. Analysis of the Mechanisms by Which Drugs May Affect Punished Responding.- 2.5. Effects of Drugs That Alter Synaptic Activity upon Punished Behavior.- 2.6. Summary.- 3. Continuous Avoidance Procedures.- 3.1. Methodological Problems Associated with Continuous Avoidance Procedures.- 3.2. Analysis of Continuous Avoidance Behavior in Terms of Motivational Processes.- 3.3. Review of the Drug Literature.- 3.4. Classification of Drugs by Bovet—Gatti Profiles.- 3.5. Effects of Drugs That Alter Synaptic Activity on Continuous Avoidance Behavior.- 3.6. Conclusions Concerning the Effects of Drugs upon Continuous Avoidance Behavior.- 4. The Conditioned Emotional Response.- 4.1. Methodological Problems Associated with the CER Technique.- 4.2. Review of Drug Effects upon the CER.- 4.3. Conclusions Concerning the Effects of Drugs upon the CER.- 4.4. Continuous Avoidance and the CER.- 5. General Summary and Conclusions.- 6. References.- 3 • Stimulus Control and Drug Effects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multiple Schedules and Related Procedures.- 2.1. SD–S? Multiple Schedules.- 2.2. SD–SDMultiple Schedules.- 2.3. SD–SD Two-Key Procedures.- 3. Chained Schedules and Related Procedures.- 3.1. Chained Schedules.- 3.2. Signaled Fixed Consecutive Number.- 3.3. Matching to Sample.- 3.4. Repeated Acquisition of Behavioral Chains.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 4 • Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope.- 1.2. Terminology.- 2. Methods for the Demonstration of Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Response Choice.- 2.3. Response Emission.- 2.4. Comment.- 3. Interpretations of Drug-Induced Stimulus Control.- 3.1. Dimensions.- 3.2. Analysis of Data.- 3.3. Origin and Nature of Drug-Induced Stimuli.- 4. Epilogue.- 5. References.- 5 • The Effects of Drugs on Adjunctive Behavior.- 1. Operant and Adjunctive Behavior.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Examples of Adjunctive Behavior.- 1.3. Interpretations of Schedule-Induced Behavior.- 1.4. Importance of Adjunctive Behavior in Behavioral Pharmacology.- 2. Drugs and Adjunctive Behavior.- 2.1. Effects of Amphetamines.- 2.2. Effects of Anxiolytics.- 2.3. Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs and the Central Control of Adjunctive Behavior.- 2.4. Effects of Other Drugs.- 3. Conclusions.- 4. References.- 6 • Schedule-Induced Self-Administration of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Schedule-Induced Ethanol Consumption.- 2.1. Lester’s Original Observations.- 2.2. Differences between Schedule-Induced Ethanol Polydipsia and Schedule-Induced Water Polydipsia.- 2.3. Schedule Induction as a Means of Generating Excessive Ethanol Consumption.- 3. Determinants of Schedule-Induced Ethanol Polydipsia.- 3.1. Ethanol’s Calorific Value.- 3.2. Ethanol’s Pharmacological Effect.- 3.3. Taste.- 3.4. Polydipsia under Conditions of Choice.- 3.5. Loss of Control by the Inducing Schedule.- 4. Schedule-Induced Consumption of Drugs Other Than Ethanol.- 5. An Animal Model of Human Alcoholism.- 5.1. Forced Consumption of Ethanol.- 5.2. Intravenous and Intragastric Self-Administration.- 5.3. Schedule-Induced Ethanol Consumption.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 7 • Drugs as Reinforcers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishment of Drugs as Reinforcers.- 2.1. Fixed-Ratio Schedules.- 2.2. Fixed-Interval Schedules.- 2.3. Complex Schedules.- 3. Type of Drug.- 4. Magnitude of Reinforcement.- 5. Satiation and Deprivation.- 6. Conditioned Drug Effects.- 7. Drugs as Negative Reinforcers.- 8. Punishment.- 9. An Application of Drug Self-Administration Techniques: The Preclinical Assessment of the Abuse Liability of New Compounds.- 10. Human Self-Administration Studies.- 11. Summary.- 12. References.- 8 • Behavioral Tolerance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Tolerance in Perspective.- 2.1. Behavioral Tolerance.- 2.2. Metabolic Tolerance.- 2.3. Learned Tolerance.- 2.4. Acute Tolerance.- 2.5. Cross Tolerance.- 2.6. Sensitization (Reverse Tolerance).- 3. Pharmacological and Organismic Factors.- 3.1. Dose Level.- 3.2. Dose Frequency.- 3.3. Response Topography.- 4. Environmental Factors: The Reinforcement Density Hypothesis.- 4.1. Data Consistent with the Hypothesis.- 4.2. Direct Support from Differential Tolerance.- 4.3. Exceptions.- 4.4. Assessment of the Density Hypothesis.- 5. Tolerance to Stimulus Properties of Drugs.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 9 • Behavioral Toxicology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. What Is Toxicology?.- 1.2. Origins of Behavioral Toxicology.- 2. Distinguishing Features of Behavioral Toxicology.- 2.1. Qualitative Evaluation of Effects.- 2.2. Role of Threshold Estimates.- 2.3. Chronicity Factor.- 2.4. Complications Associated with Chronic Studies.- 2.5. Multidisciplinary Features.- 3. Behavioral Toxicology in the Soviet Union.- 4. Substances of Current Interest.- 4.1. Mercury.- 4.2. Lead.- 4.3. Carbon Monoxide.- 4.4. Pesticides.- 4.5. Volatile Anesthetics and Solvents.- 5. Factors That Modulate the Behavioral Effects of Toxins.- 5.1. Diurnal Rhythms.- 5.2. Degree of Schedule Control.- 5.3. Discriminative Stimuli.- 5.4. Stimulus Complexity.- 6. Future Developments.- 6.1. Food Additives.- 6.2. Behavioral Teratology.- 6.3. Evaluations in the Natural Environment.- 6.4. Premarket Screening.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- Author Index.