Contemporary Nephrology: Volume 4

ISBN-13: 9781461290377 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 774 str.

Saulo Klahr; Shaul G. Massry; Shaul G. Massry

Opis

Volume 4 of Contemporary Nephrology summarizes major advances in 16 different areas of nephrology during the years 1985 and 1986. Major changes in the composition of the Editorial Board and authorship of the different chapters have occurred in this volume. Six distinguished contributors have retired from the Editorial Board. They include Dr. Zalman A. Agus, Philadelphia; Dr. Robert Anderson, Denver; Dr. Eli Friedman, Brooklyn; Dr. Richard Glassock, Torrance, California; Dr. James Schafer, Birmingham, Alabama; and Dr. Gordon Williams, Bos ton. We are grateful to them for their outstanding contributions to the of this series and for their advice and suggestions as first three volumes members of the Editorial Board. They certainly deserve substantial credit for the success of this series. Seven outstanding academicians have joined the Board. They in clude Dr. Vito M. Campese, Professor of Medicine at the University of Southern California, who contributed the chapter on "Recent Advances in the Role of the Renal Nervous System and Renin in Hypertension"; Dr. William G. Couser, Professor of Medicine and Head of the Division of Nephrology at the University of Washington in Seattle ("Immunologic Aspects of Renal Disease"); Dr. Garabed Eknoyan, Professor of Medicine and Vice Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine ("The Uremic Syndrome"); Dr. H. David Humes, Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Nephrology Section at the Uni versity of Michigan Medical School, Veterans Administration Medical Center ("Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathy"); Dr."

Spis treści

1 Isosmotic Fluid Transport across Epithelia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles.- 2.1. Osmotic Equilibrium.- 2.2. Osmotic Water Flow.- 2.3. Diffusion.- 2.4. Unstirred Layers.- 2.5. Solute Reflection Coefficient.- 2.6. Two Solutes with Different Reflection Coefficients.- 2.7. Solvent Drag.- 3. Isosmotic Water Transport in Epithelia.- 3.1. Theories of Water Transport.- 3.2. Transepithelial and Cell Membrane Osmotic Water Permeabilities.- 3.3. Water Transport Pathway.- 3.4. Driving Forces for Isosmotic Water Transport.- References.- 2 Renal Hemodynamics and Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 1. Renal Hemodynamics.- 1.1. Myogenic Mechanism.- 1.2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.3. Sensitivity of Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.- 1.4. Other Factors Controlling Renal Hemodynamics.- 2. Sodium Chloride Excretion.- 2.1. Sodium Balance and Its Regulation.- 2.2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 3. Function of Discrete Nephron Segments.- 3.1. Proximal Tubule.- 3.2. Loop of Henle.- 3.3. The Collecting System.- References.- 3 Renal Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cultured Epithelia of Renal Origin: Characteristics and Applications to Physiological and Biochemical Studies.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. General Characteristics of Epithelia in Culture.- 2.3. Techniques for Study of Transport.- 2.4. Continuous Epithelial Cell Lines of Renal Origin.- 2.5. Primary Culture Systems.- 2.6. Hormonal Regulation of Transepithelial Ion Transport in a Tight Epithelium (A6 Cells).- 2.7. The Future.- 3. Role of Liver and Kidney in Acid-Base Homeostasis.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Traditional Views.- 3.3. Amino Acid Metabolism—Net Generation of Acid or Base?.- 3.4. Effect of Acid-Base Balance on Hepatic Metabolism.- 3.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 4. Polyphosphoinositides and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers.- 5. Renal Ischemia and Anoxia.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Renal Oxygenation.- 5.3. Calcium.- 5.4. Free Radicals.- 5.5. Glutathione.- References.- 4 Renal Prostaglandins.- 1. Prostaglandin Synthesis Degradation and Excretion by the Kidney.- 1.1. Renal Synthesis of Eicosanoids and Stimuli of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism.- 1.2. Prostaglandin Degradation.- 1.3. The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis.- 1.4. Renal Excretion of Prostaglandins.- 1.5. Summary.- 2. Interrelationships of Prostaglandins and Vasopressin in the Control of Water Excretion by the Kidney.- 2.1. In Vitro Studies Using Cultured Collecting Tubular Cells in Isolated Nephron Segments.- 2.2. In Vivo Experiments Evaluating AVP and PGE2 in Animals and Humans.- 2.3. Summary.- 3. Sodium Excretion, Diuretics, and Renal Prostaglandins.- 3.1. Mechanisms of Prostaglandin-Induced Natriuresis and Chloruresis.- 3.2. In Vivo Studies of Sodium Excretion and Prostaglandins in Humans.- 3.3. Summary.- 4. Prostaglandins, Renin Secretion, and Bartter’s Syndrome.- 4.1. Prostaglandin-Renin Interrelationships Studied In Vitro.- 4.2. Prostaglandin Regulation of Renin Secretion In Vivo.- 4.3. Bartter’s Syndrome: Renin Prostaglandins.- 4.4. Summary.- 5. Renal Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Renal Eicosanoids.- 5.1. The Role of Eicosanoids in the Control of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate.- 5.2. Interactions of Vasoconstrictor Hormones with Vasodilatory Eicosanoids.- 5.3. The Clinical Nephrotoxicity of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.- 5.4. Summary.- 6. Eicosanoids and Renal Disease.- 6.1. Immunologic Glomerular Disease.- 6.2. Diabetes and Renal Prostaglandins.- 6.3. Renal Transplant Rejection.- 6.4. Acute Renal Failure.- 6.5. Ureteral Obstruction.- 6.6. Miscellaneous Renal Disease.- 6.7. Summary.- 7. Hypertension, Prostaglandins, and Thromboxane.- 7.1. Experimental Studies in Animal Models of Renal Artery Stenosis.- 7.2. The Role of TxA2 in Experimental Hypertension.- 7.3. Role of Prostaglandins in Essential Hypertension in Humans.- 7.4. The Interactions of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs with Antihypertensive Therapy.- 7.5. Summary.- 8. Miscellaneous Actions of Renal Eicosanoids.- 8.1. Prostaglandins, Hypoxia, and Erythropoietin.- 8.2. Prostaglandins and the Renal Excretion of Calcium, Phosphate, and Ammonia.- References.- 5 Acid-Base Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 1. Proximal Tubule.- 2. Metabolic Alkalosis.- 3. Renal Cortical PCO2.- 4. Loop of Henle.- 5. Distal Acidification.- 6. Clinical Studies of Distal Acidification.- 7. Ammonia.- 8. Renal Adaptation to Respiratory Change.- 9. Lactic Acidosis.- References.- 6 Mineral Metabolism.- 1. Vitamin D Endocrine System.- 1.1. Vitamin D Metabolism.- 1.2. Regulation of Renal Calcitriol Production.- 1.3. Extrarenal Production of Calcitriol.- 1.4. Actions of Calcitriol.- 1.5. Actions of 24,25(OH)2D.- 2. Parathyroid Hormone.- 2.1. Secretion.- 2.2. Factors Affecting PTH Secretion.- 2.3. Parathyroid Hormone Structure-Activity Relationships and Development of Inhibitors.- 2.4. PTH Receptor.- 2.5. PTH Assays.- 2.6. PTH as a Uremic Toxin.- 3. Calcitonin.- 4. Calcium: Physiology and Pathophysiology.- 4.1. Renal Handling of Calcium.- 4.2. Factors Affecting Calcium Reabsorption.- 4.3. Hypercalcemia.- 4.4. Hypocalcemia.- 5. Calicum Nephrolithiasis.- 5.1. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria.- 5.2. Citrate Excretion.- 5.3. Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation.- 6. Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.1. Histopathology of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.2. Pathogenesis of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.3. Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy.- 6.4. Desferrioxamine Infusion Test.- 6.5. Prevention and Management of Renal Osteodystrophy 257 References.- 7 Recent Advances in the Role of the Renal Nervous System and Renin in Hypertension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Renal Sympathetic Nervous System.- 2.1. Renal Neuroanatomy and Its Integrative Connections.- 2.2. Physiologic Role of Renal Sympathetic Innervation.- 2.3. RSNA in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension.- 2.4. Salt and Neurogenic Factors in Hypertension.- 3. The Renin-Angiotensin System.- 3.1. Biosynthesis and Processing of Renin.- 3.2. Regulation of Renin Secretion.- 3.3. Evidence That Inactive Renin Is Prorenin.- 3.4. Active Renin and Prorenin in Hypertension.- References.- 8 Immunologic Aspects of Renal Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Immune Glomerular Injury.- 2.1. Glomerular Immune Deposit Formation.- 2.2. Mediation of Immune Renal Injury.- 2.3. Interstitial Nephritis.- 3. Clinical Aspects of Immune Renal Disease.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Diseases That Present as Acute Glomerulonephritis.- 4. Diseases That Commonly Present as Nephrotic Syndrome.- 4.1. Nephrotic Syndrome—Physiology and Consequences.- 4.2. Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome.- 4.3. Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis and IgM Nephropathy.- 4.4. Focal Glomerulosclerosis.- 4.5. Treatment of MCNS-FGS.- 4.6. Membranous Nephropathy.- 4.7. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.- 5. Glomerular Involvement in Systemic Immune Diseases.- 5.1. Vasculitis.- 5.2. Glomerulonephritis in Renal Transplants.- 5.3. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.- References.- 9 Acute Renal Failure and Toxic Nephropathy.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Radiographic Contrast Agent-Induced Acute Renal Failure.- 1.2. Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity.- 2. Postischemic Acute Renal Failure.- 2.1. Plasma Membrane Alterations and Renal Ischemia.- 2.2. Phospholipids in Ischemic Injury.- 2.3. Alterations of Cellular Calcium Metabolism and Ischemic Injury.- 2.4. Mitochondrial Alterations in Ischemic Cell Injury.- 2.5. Role of Depletion of High-Energy Phosphate Stores in Ischemic Injury.- 2.6. Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Postischemic Cell Injury.- 2.7. Protective Measures in Ischemic Cell Injury.- 3. Summary.- References.- 10 The Kidney in Systemic Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disorders of the Renal Microvasculature.- 2.1. Thrombotic Microangiopathies.- 2.2. Scleroderma.- 2.3. Diabetes Mellitus.- 3. Renal Consequences of Tumors.- 3.1. Hematologic Tumors.- 3.2. Solid Tumors.- References.- 11 Congenital Renal Disorders and Kidney Tumors: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.- 2.1. Pathogenesis.- 2.2. Cyst Function in ADPKD.- 2.3. Clinical Features and Associated Disorders in ADPKD.- 3. Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 3.1. Acquired Cystic Disease and Cancer.- 3.2. Hereditary Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.3. Animal Tumor Models.- 3.4. Histopathology of Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.5. Rare Primary Tumors of the Kidney.- 3.6. Clinical Signs and Symptoms.- 3.7. Diagnosis and Staging of Renal Cell Cancer.- 3.8. Natural History of Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 3.9. Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma.- References.- 12 The Uremic Syndrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Uremic Toxins.- 3. Progression of Renal Dysfunction.- 3.1. Protein Restriction.- 3.2. Phosphate Restriction.- 3.3. Uremic Symptoms.- 3.4. Acquired Cystic Disease.- 4. The Skin.- 5. The Muscles and Joints.- 5.1. Muscles.- 5.2. Joints and Supporting Structures.- 6. The Gastrointestinal System.- 6.1. Oral Cavity.- 6.2. Esophagus.- 6.3. Stomach and Duodenum.- 6.4. Intestines.- 6.5. Liver.- 6.6. Pancreas.- 7. The Pulmonary System.- 8. The Cardiovascular System.- 8.1. Heart.- 8.2. Pericardium.- 8.3. Hyperlipidemia.- 8.4. Vasculature.- 9. The Hemopoietic System.- 9.1. Red Blood Cells.- 9.2. Hemostasis.- 9.3. Leukocytes.- 10. The Immune System.- 10.1. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 10.2. Humoral Immunity.- 11. The Nervous System.- 11.1. Central Nervous System.- 11.2. Peripheral Nervous System.- 11.3. Autonomic Nervous System.- 11.4. Neurobehavioral Disorders.- 12. The Endocrine System.- 12.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 12.2. Thyroid Gland.- 12.3. Gonads.- 12.4. Adrenal Glands.- 12.5. Growth Factors.- 12.6. Parathyroid Glands and Renal Osteodystrophy.- References.- 13 Nutrition in Renal Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progression of Renal Insufficiency.- 2.1. Progression in Experimental Renal Disease.- 2.2. Nonprotein Dietary Factors.- 2.3. Progression in Humans.- 2.4. Therapeutic Trials in Progressive Renal Disease.- 3. Metabolism in CRF.- 3.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 3.2. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism.- 3.3. Lipid Metabolism.- 3.4. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia.- 3.5. Carnitine.- 4. Nutritional Assessment and Monitoring of Protein Intake.- 5. Trace Elements and Vitamins.- 5.1. Trace Elements.- 5.2. Zinc.- 5.3. Iron.- 5.4. Nickel.- 5.5. Cobalt.- 5.6. Selenium.- 5.7. Vitamins.- 6. Oxalate.- 7. Nutrition in Childhood Renal Failure.- 8. Nutrition and Renal Transplantation.- 9. Nephrotic Syndrome.- 10. Acute Renal Failure.- 10.1. Protein Metabolism.- 10.2. Glucose Metabolism.- 10.3. Fat Metabolism.- 10.4. Nutrition, Renal Regeneration, and Function.- 10.5. Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Renal Failure.- 10.6. Energy Substrates.- References.- 14 Dialysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Shortening Treatment Time.- 3. Quantitation of Treatment.- 4. Treatment of Acute Renal Failure.- 5. Peritoneal Dialysis.- 6. Blood-Membrane Interaction and First-Use Syndromes.- 7. Access/Anticoagulation.- 8. Vascular Refilling Rate/Colloid Osmotic Pressure.- 9. Reuse.- 10. Hemofiltration.- References.- 15 Renal Transplantation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunogenetics.- 2.1. Molecular Biology.- 2.2. Dynamic Expression of HLA Molecules and Graft Rejection.- 2.3. Clinical Applications.- 3. Immunosuppression.- 3.1. Cyclosporine.- 3.2. Anti-T-Cell Monoclonal Antibodies.- 3.3. Anti-Interleukin-2 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 16 Drugs and the Kidney.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Effects of Renal Disease on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.- 2.1. Absorption and Distribution of Drugs.- 2.2. Binding to Plasma Proteins.- 2.3. Biotransformation.- 3. Drug Effects on the Kidney.- 3.1. Tubular Mechanisms of Drug Transport.- 3.2. Changes in Renal Drug Handling with Age.- 4. Clinical Use of Drugs in Renal Failure.- 4.1. Assessment of Renal Function.- 4.2. Dosing Strategy in Patients with Renal Failure.- 4.3. Effects of Extracorporeal Treatment and Peritoneal Dialysis on Drug Treatment.- 4.4. Drug Interactions.- 5. Aspects of Specific Drugs in Patients with Renal Disease or Hypertension.- 5.1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.- 5.2. Other Antimicrobial Drugs.- 5.3. Cardiovascular Drugs.- 5.4. Miscellaneous Drugs.- 6. Nephrotoxicity of Therapeutic Agents.- 6.1. Cyclosporine.- 6.2. Lithium.- 6.3. Cisplatin.- 6.4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics.- 6.5. Radiographic Contrast Media.- 6.6. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 6.7. Miscellaneous Drugs.- References.