Part I: 1. Introduction; 2. The legal framework: the international protection of persons fleeing armed conflicts; 3. Contemporary armed conflicts, violence and gender in international refugee law; 4. Judicial constructions of risk on return to situations of contemporary armed conflict; 5. Judicial constructions of well-founded fear of being persecuted in situations of contemporary armed conflicts; 6. Judicial constructions of the refugee convention reasons for persecution in situations of contemporary armed conflict; 7. Conclusion.