Concise Guide to APA Style: 7th Edition (Official)

ISBN-13: 9781433832734 / Angielski / Spiralna / 2019 / 326 str.

American Psychological Association

Spis treści

• 1. Student Paper Types, Elements, and Format
• General Guidelines for Student Papers
• 1.1 Application of APA Style to Student Papers
• 1.2 Student Essays
• 1.3 Annotated Bibliographies
• 1.4 Dissertations and Theses
• 1.5 Student Paper Required Elements
• Paper Elements
• 1.6 Title Page
• 1.7 Title
• 1.8 Author Name (Byline)
• 1.9 Author Affiliation
• 1.10 Abstract
• 1.11 Text (Body)
• 1.12 Reference List
• 1.13 Footnotes
• 1.14 Appendices
• Format
• 1.15 Importance of Format
• 1.16 Order of Pages
• 1.17 Page Header
• 1.18 Font
• 1.19 Special Characters
• 1.20 Line Spacing
• 1.21 Margins
• 1.22 Paragraph Alignment
• 1.23 Paragraph Indentation
• 1.24 Paper Length
• Organization
• 1.25 Principles of Organization
• 1.26 Heading Levels
• 1.27 Section Labels
• Sample Student Paper
• 2. Writing Style and Grammar
• Effective Scholarly Writing
• 2.1 Continuity and Flow
• 2.2 Transitions
• 2.3 Noun Strings
• 2.4 Conciseness and Clarity
• 2.5 Wordiness and Redundancy
• 2.6 Sentence and Paragraph Length
• 2.7 Tone
• 2.8 Contractions and Colloquialisms
• 2.9 Jargon
• 2.10 Logical Comparisons
• 2.11 Anthropomorphism
• Grammar and Usage
• 2.12 Verb Tense
• 2.13 Active and Passive Voice
• 2.14 Mood
• 2.15 Subject and Verb Agreement
• 2.16 First- Versus Third-Person Pronouns
• 2.17 Editorial 'We'
• 2.18 Singular 'They'
• 2.19 Pronouns for People and Animals ('Who' vs. 'That')
• 2.20 Pronouns as Subjects and Objects ('Who vs. Whom')
• 2.21 Pronouns in Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses ('That' vs. 'Which')
• 2.22 Subordinate Conjunctions
• 2.23 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
• 2.24 Parallel Construction
• Strategies to Improve Your Writing
• 2.25 Reading to Learn Through Example
• 2.26 Writing From an Outline
• 2.27 Rereading the Draft
• 2.28 Seeking Help From Fellow Students
• 2.29 Working With Writing Centers
• 2.30 Revising a Paper
• 3. Bias-Free Language Guidelines
• General Guidelines for Reducing Bias
• 3.1 Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity
• 3.2 Be Sensitive to Labels
• Reducing Bias by Topic
• 3.3 Age
• 3.4 Disability
• 3.5 Gender
• 3.6 Participation in Research
• 3.7 Racial and Ethnic Identity
• 3.8 Sexual Orientation
• 3.9 Socioeconomic Status
• 3.10 Intersectionality
• 4. Punctuation, Lists, and Italics
• Punctuation
• 4.1 Spacing After Punctuation Marks
• 4.2 Period
• 4.3 Comma
• 4.4 Semicolon
• 4.5 Colon
• 4.6 Dash
• 4.7 Quotation Marks
• 4.8 Parentheses
• 4.9 Square Brackets
• 4.10 Slash
• Lists
• 4.11 List Guidelines
• 4.12 Lettered Lists
• 4.13 Numbered Lists
• 4.14 Bulleted Lists
• Italics
• 4.15 Use of Italics
• 4.16 Reverse Italics
• 5. Spelling, Capitalization, and Abbreviations
• Spelling
• 5.1 Preferred Spelling
• 5.2 Hyphenation
• Capitalization
• 5.3 Words Beginning a Sentence
• 5.4 Proper Nouns and Trade Names
• 5.5 Job Titles and Positions
• 5.6 Diseases, Disorders, Therapies, Theories, and Related Terms
• 5.7 Titles of Works and Headings Within Works
• 5.8 Titles of Tests and Measures
• 5.9 Nouns Followed by Numerals or Letters
• 5.10 Names of Conditions or Groups in an Experiment
• 5.11 Names of Factors, Variables, and Effects
• Abbreviations
• 5.12 Use of Abbreviations
• 5.13 Definition of Abbreviations
• 5.14 Format of Abbreviations
• 5.15 Unit of Measurement Abbreviations
• 5.16 Time Abbreviations
• 5.17 Latin Abbreviations
• 5.18 Chemical Compound Abbreviations 
• 6. Numbers and Statistics
• Numbers
• 6.1 Numbers Expressed in Numerals
• 6.2 Numbers Expressed in Words
• 6.3 Combining Numerals and Words to Express Numbers
• 6.4 Ordinal Numbers
• 6.5 Decimal Fractions
• 6.6 Roman Numerals
• 6.7 Commas in Numbers
• 6.8 Plurals of Numbers
• Statistics and Equations
• 6.9 Presentation of Statistics
• 6.10 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations
• 6.11 Spacing, Alignment, and Punctuation for Statistics
• 6.12 Presentation of Equations
• 7. Tables and Figures
• General Guidelines for Tables and Figures
• 7.1 Purpose of Tables and Figures
• 7.2 Design and Preparation of Tables and Figures
• 7.3 Graphical Versus Textual Presentation
• 7.4 Formatting Tables and Figures
• 7.5 Referring to Tables and Figures in the Text
• 7.6 Placement of Tables and Figures
• 7.7 Reprinting or Adapting Tables and Figures
• Tables
• 7.8 Principles of Table Construction
• 7.9 Table Components
• 7.10 Table Numbers
• 7.11 Table Titles
• 7.12 Table Headings
• 7.13 Table Body
• 7.14 Table Notes
• 7.15 Standard Abbreviations in Tables and Figures
• 7.16 Confidence Intervals in Tables
• 7.17 Table Borders and Shading
• 7.18 Long or Wide Tables
• 7.19 Relation Between Tables
• 7.20 Table Checklist
• 7.21 Sample Tables
• Figures
• 7.22 Principles of Figure Construction
• 7.23 Figure Components
• 7.24 Figure Numbers
• 7.25 Figure Titles
• 7.26 Figure Images
• 7.27 Figure Legends
• 7.28 Figure Notes
• 7.29 Relation Between Figures
• 7.30 Photographs
• 7.31 Figure Checklist
• 7.32 Sample Figures
  
  8. Works Credited in the Text
• General Guidelines for Citation
• 8.1 Appropriate Level of Citation
• 8.2 Plagiarism
• 8.3 Self-Plagiarism
• 8.4 Correspondence Between Reference List and Text
• 8.5 Use of the Published Version or Archival Version
• 8.6 Primary and Secondary Sources
• Works Requiring Special Approaches
• 8.7 Interviews
• 8.8 Classroom or Intranet Sources
• 8.9 Personal Communications
• In-Text Citations
• 8.10 Author Date Citation System
• 8.11 Parenthetical and Narrative Citations
• 8.12 Citing Multiple Works
• 8.13 Citing Specific Parts of a Source
• 8.14 Unknown or Anonymous Author
• 8.15 Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates
• 8.16 Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations
• 8.17 Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
• 8.18 Avoiding Ambiguity in In-Text Citations
• 8.19 Works With the Same Author and Same Date
• 8.20 Authors With the Same Surname
• 8.21 Abbreviating Group Authors
• 8.22 General Mentions of Websites, Periodicals, and Common Software and Apps
• Paraphrases and Quotations
• 8.23 Principles of Paraphrasing
• 8.24 Long Paraphrases
• 8.25 Principles of Direct Quotation
• 8.26 Short Quotations (Fewer Than 40 Words)
• 8.27 Block Quotations (40 Words or More)
• 8.28 Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers
• 8.29 Accuracy of Quotations
• 8.30 Changes to a Quotation Requiring No Explanation
• 8.31 Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation
• 8.32 Quotations That Contain Citations to Other Works
• 8.33 Quotations That Contain Material Already in Quotation Marks
• 8.34 Epigraphs
• Copyright and Permission
• 8.35 General Guidelines for Reprinting or Adapting Materials
• 8.36 Materials That Require a Copyright Attribution
• 8.37 Copyright Status
• 8.38 Permission and Fair Use
• 8.39 Copyright Attribution Formats
• 9. Reference List
• Reference Categories
• 9.1 Determining the Reference Category
• 9.2 Using the Webpages and Websites Reference Category
• 9.3 Online and Print References
• Principles of Reference List Entries
• 9.4 Four Elements of a Reference
• 9.5 Punctuation Within Reference List Entries
• 9.6 Accuracy and Consistency in References
• Reference Elements (Author, Date, Title, Source)
• 9.7 Author Element
• 9.8 Format of the Author Element
• 9.9 Spelling and Capitalization of Author Names
• 9.10 Identification of Specialized Roles
• 9.11 Group Authors
• 9.12 No Author
• 9.13 Date Element
• 9.14 Format of the Date Element
• 9.15 Updated or Reviewed Online Works
• 9.16 Retrieval Dates
• 9.17 No Date
• 9.18 Title Element
• 9.19 Format of the Title Element
• 9.20 Series and Multivolume Works
• 9.21 Bracketed Descriptions
• 9.22 No Title
• 9.23 Source Element
• 9.24 Format of the Source Element
• 9.25 Periodical Sources
• 9.26 Online Periodicals With Missing Information
• 9.27 Article Numbers
• 9.28 Edited Book Chapter and Reference Work Entry Sources
• 9.29 Publisher Sources
• 9.30 Database and Archive Sources
• 9.31 Works With Specific Locations
• 9.32 Social Media Sources
• 9.33 Website Sources
• 9.34 When to Include DOIs and URLs
• 9.35 Format of DOIs and URLs
• 9.36 DOI or URL Shorteners
• 9.37 No Source
• Reference Variations
• 9.38 Works in Another Language
• 9.39 Translated Works
• 9.40 Reprinted, Republished, or Reissued Works
• 9.41 Religious and Classical Works
• Reference List Format and Order
• 9.42 Format of the Reference List
• 9.43 Order of Works in the Reference List
• 9.44 Order of Surname and Given Name
• 9.45 Order of Multiple Works by the Same First Author
• 9.46 Order of Works With the Same Author and Same Date
• 9.47 Order of Works by First Authors With the Same Surname
• 9.48 Order of Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author
• 9.49 Abbreviations in References
• 10. Reference Examples
• Author Variations
• Date Variations
• Title Variations
• Source Variations
• Textual Works
• 10.1 Periodicals
• 10.2 Books and Reference Works
• 10.3 Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works
• 10.4 Reports and Gray Literature
• 10.5 Dissertations and Theses
• 10.6 Reviews
• 10.7 Informally Published Works
• Software and Tests
• 10.13 Social Media
• 10.14 Webpages and Websites 
• Legal References
• 10.15 Cases or Court Decisions
• 10.16 Statutes (Laws and Acts)
• 10.17 Constitutions and Charters
• 10.18 Treaties and International Conventions