Concert Hall Acoustics

ISBN-13: 9783642698125 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 154 str.

Yoichi Ando; Manfred R. Schroeder

Opis

The acoustic quality of a concert hall has frequently posed a mysterious puzzle, namely, what physical aspects of the sound field can produce superior sound for the listener. The author has been probing for more than adecade into the subjective qualities preferred for musical and speech sounds. The result of his extensive investigations - the discovery that four and only four independent parameters contribute effectively to good acoustics - is summarized in the present book. The capability of calculating acoustical quality at any seat in a proposed concert hall is a unique and quite useful aspect of Ando's design method. Alternative architectural schemes can be compared based on the number of seats which exceeds a previously accepted minimum standard of acoustical quality.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 2. Sound Transmission Systems.- 2.1 Source Signals in Terms of the Autocorrelation Function.- 2.2 Reflection from Finite Surfaces.- 2.3 Reflection from a Periodic Structure of a Wall.- 2.3.1 Analysis.- 2.3.2 Numerical Calculations.- 2.4 Scattering by Diffusing Walls.- 2.5 Physical Hearing System.- 2.5.1 Head, Pinna and External Auditory Canal.- 2.5.2 Eardrum and Bone Chain.- 2.5.3 Cochlea.- 2.6 Nervous System.- 3. Simulation of Sound Fields.- 3.1 Signals at Both Ears.- 3.2 Simulation of Sound Localization.- 3.3 Simulation of Sound Fields in Concert Halls.- 4. Subjective Preference Judgments.- 4.1 Linear Scale Value of Preference.- 4.2 Sound Fields with Single and Multiple Early Reflections.- 4.2.1 Preferred Delay Time of Single Reflection.- 4.2.2 Preferred Direction of a Single Reflection.- 4.2.3 Preferred Amplitude of a Single Reflection.- 4.2.4 Preferred Delay Time of the Second Reflection.- 4.2.5 Preferred Spectrum of a Single Reflection.- 4.2.6 Preferred Delay Time of the Strongest Reflection in Multiple Early Reflections.- 4.3 Sound Fields with Early Reflections and Subsequent Reverberation.- 4.3.1 Scale Values vs Delay Time of Early Reflections and Subsequent Reverberation Time.- 4.3.2 Scale Values vs Listening Level and IACC.- 4.3.3 Scale Values vs Subsequent Reverberation Time and IACC.- 4.3.4 Agreement with Other Preference Judgments.- 5. Prediction of Subjective Preference in Concert Halls.- 5.1 Model of Auditory Pathways.- 5.2 Optimum Design Objectives.- 5.2.1 Listening Level (Temporal-Monaural Criterion).- 5.2.2 Early Reflections After Direct Sound (Temporal-Monaural Criterion).- 5.2.3 Subsequent Reverberation Time After Early Reflections (Temporal-Monaural Criterion).- 5.2.4 Incoherence at Both Ears (Spatial-Binaural Criterion).- 5.3 Theory of Subjective Preference.- 5.4 Calculating Subjective Preference for a Concert Hall.- 6. Design Study.- 6.1 Walls and Ceiling.- 6.2 Floor and Seats.- 6.2.1 Sound Transmission Over Seat Rows.- 6.2.2 Effects of Seat Configuration and Floor Absorption.- 6.2.3 Effects of the Angle of Wave Incidence.- 6.2.4 Effects of a Slit Resonator Under the Floor.- 6.3 Stage Enclosure.- 6.4 Concert Halls.- 7. Acoustic Test Techniques for Concert Halls.- 7.1 Transfer Function or Impulse Response Measurements.- 7.1.1 Single Pulse Method.- 7.1.2 Correlation Method.- 7.1.3 Fast Method Using the Pseudo-Random Binary Signal.- 7.2 Reverberation.- 7.3 Interaural Cross Correlation.- 7.4 Subjective Preference Judgments of Sound Fields in Existing Concert Halls.- Appendices.- A. Subjective Diffuseness.- B. An Example of Individual Difference in Preference Judgment.- C. Perception of Coloration.- D. Correlation Functions at Both Ears.- E. Computation Programs for the Fast Method of Measuring Impulse Responses (Computer: Univac 1100/83; ASCII FORTRAN Compiler, ANSI STANDARD X3.9 -1978).- Glossary of Symbols.- References.