Comprehensive Virology: 17 Methods Used in the Study of Viruses

ISBN-13: 9781461566953 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 480 str.

Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat; Robert R. Wagner

Opis

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts."

Spis treści

1 Biophysical Methods in Virus Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Viscosity.- 3. Diffusion.- 3.1. Theory.- 3.2. Porous Disk Method.- 3.3. Free Diffusion.- 3.4. Gel Diffusion.- 3.5. Immunodiffusion.- 4. Centrifugation.- 4.1. Theory.- 4.2. Interpretation of Sedimentation Coefficients.- 4.3. Differential Centrifugation.- 4.4. Density Gradient Sedimentation.- 5. Sedimentation Equilibrium.- 5.1. Theory.- 5.2. Density Gradient Sedimentation Equilibrium.- 6. Chromatography.- 6.1. Countercurrent Distribution.- 6.2. Column Chromatography.- 6.3. Paper Chromatography.- 6.4. Thin-Layer Chromatography.- 6.5. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography.- 7. Electrophoresis.- 7.1. Theory.- 7.2. Measurement of Field Strength.- 7.3. Moving Boundary Method.- 7.4. Electrophoresis in Support Media.- 7.5. Electrofocusing.- 7.6. Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis.- 7.7. Immunoelectrophoresis.- 8. Osmotic Pressure.- 9. Light Scatter.- 9.1. Theory.- 9.2. Turbidity.- 9.3. Angular Dependence.- 9.4. Scattering from Large Particles.- 9.5. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering.- 9.6. Intensity Fluctuation of Scattered Light.- 10. Theory of Electron Microscopy.- 10.1. Historical Review.- 10.2. Problems.- 11. References.- 2 Use of Electron Microscopy in Virology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Background.- 1.2. The Microscope.- 2. Specimen Methods.- 2.1. Support Films, Shadowing, and Staining.- 2.2. Cytological Techniques.- 2.3. Negative Staining.- 2.4. Spreading Techniques (with and without Monofilms).- 2.5. Freeze-Drying, Freeze-Etching, and Related Techniques.- 2.6. Measuring and Counting Virus Particles and Components.- 3. Survey of Results.- 3.1. General Characterization of Virus Particles.- 3.2. Capsid Structure and Virus Classification.- 3.3. Viral Nucleic Acids.- 3.4. Reconstitution, Assembly, and Virus Maturation.- 3.5. Growth and Replication of Viruses.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 3 Structural Studies of Viruses with X-Rays and Neutrons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physical Basis of X-Ray and Neutron Scattering.- 2.1. Single Crystal Diffraction.- 2.2. Oriented Gels.- 2.3. Virus Solutions.- 2.4. Experimental Considerations.- 3. Structures of Spherical Viruses.- 3.1. Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus.- 3.2. Southern Bean Mosaic Virus.- 3.3. Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus.- 3.4. Other Small RNA Plant Viruses.- 3.5. General Remarks on the Structure of Small RNA Plant Viruses.- 3.6. DNA Plant Viruses.- 3.7. Spherical Bacteriophages.- 3.8. Spherical Animal Viruses.- 4. Helicoidal Viruses.- 4.1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus.- 4.2. Other Helical Plant Viruses.- 4.3. Filamentous Bacteriophages.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 4 Serological Methods in the Identification and Characterization of Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reagents.- 2.1. Viral Antigens.- 2.2. Antisera.- 3. Neutralization.- 3.1. Mechanism of Neutralization.- 3.2. Virus Sensitization.- 3.3. Methods.- 4. Agglutination.- 4.1. Viral Hemagglutination.- 4.2. Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests.- 4.3. Passive Hemagglutination.- 4.4. Latex Test.- 5. Precipitation.- 5.1. Quantitative Precipitin Tests in Tubes.- 5.2. Microprecipitin Tests in Droplets.- 5.3. Immunoprecipitation.- 5.4. Double Diffusion.- 5.5. Radial Immunodiffusion.- 5.6. Radial Hemolysis.- 5.7. Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques.- 6. Tests with Labeled Antibodies.- 6.1. Immunofluorescence.- 6.2. Immunoenzymatic Tests.- 6.3. Radioimmunoassay.- 7. Complement Fixation.- 7.1. Microplate Technique.- 7.2. Quantitative Microcomplement Fixation Test.- 8. Immunoelectron Microscopy.- 8.1. Clumping.- 8.2. Decoration.- 8.3. Trapping.- 9. Applications of Serological Methods.- 9.1. Diagnosis.- 9.2. Evaluation of Vaccines.- 9.3. Studies of Virus Structure.- 9.4. Studies of Viral Replication.- 9.5. Virus Classification.- 10. References.- 5 Chemical Modification of Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reagents Used for Virus Modification.- 2.1. Acylating Agents.- 2.2. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Reductive Alkylation.- 2.3. Halogenating Agents.- 2.4. Alkylating and Arylating Agents.- 2.5. Pyrimidine Modifications (Amines, Bisulfite, etc.).- 2.6. Imidoesters.- 2.7. Nitrous Acid (HNO2).- 2.8. Sulfhydryl Reagents.- 2.9. Other Reagents.- 3. Modifications for Specific Purposes.- 3.1. Location of Viral Components.- 3.2. Isomorphic Replacement for X-Ray Diffraction Strains.- 3.3. For Inactivation and Mutagenesis.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 6 Photobiology of RNA Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope.- 1.2. Photochemical Background.- 2. Plant Viruses.- 2.1. Rigid-Rod Viruses: TMV.- 2.2. Flexuous-Rod Viruses: PVX.- 2.3. Polyhedral and Other Viruses.- 2.4. Viroids.- 3. RNA Bacteriophages.- 3.1. General.- 3.2. Effect of UV on the Infectious Cycle of RNA Phages.- 3.3. Molecular Basis for the Action of UV on RNA Phages.- 3.4. Photoreactivation of RNA.- 3.5. Variants of Q? Bacteriophage.- 4. Animal Viruses.- 4.1. Vesicular Stomatitus Virus.- 4.2. Picornaviruses.- 4.3. Retroviruses.- 5. Conclusion.- 5.1. Photochemistry of RNA.- 5.2. Photochemistry of Capsid Proteins.- 5.3. Biology of UV-Induced Killing.- 5.4. Repair of RNA.- 5.5. Uses of UV Radiation in RNA Virology.- 6. References.- 7 The Photobiology of the DNA Viruses ?,T4, and ?X174.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Solar Ultraviolet.- 1.2. Laboratory UV Sources.- 1.3. The Poisson Distribution.- 1.4. Photochemistry of DNA.- 1.5. UV-Sensitive Mutants of E.coli.- 2. ? Phage.- 2.1. UV Induction of ? Phage.- 2.2. Host Cell Reactivation (Hcr).- 2.3. Multiplicity Reactivation.- 2.4. UV-Enhanced Recombination.- 2.5. Weigle Reactivation (WR) and Weigle Mutagenesis (WM).- 2.6. Prophage Reactivation.- 2.7. Photoreactivation.- 2.8. UV Sensitivity and UV Mutagenesis of Lysogenic E. coli.- 3. UV Effects on Bacteriophage T4 (T2 and T6).- 3.1. T4 as a Phage.- 3.2. Origins of the Study of U V Effects on T-Even Phage.- 3.3. T4 Phage Genes Governing UV Sensitivity.- 3.4. Host Gene Functions Involved in the Repair of UV-Damaged 14: pol A.- 3.5. Further Studies on T4 254-nm Photobiology.- 4. UV Effects on ?X174.- 4.1. UV Sensitivity of Single-Stranded and RF DNAs.- 4.2. Effects of UV-Irradiating Host Cells.- 4.3. Other Studies.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.