Comprehensive Virology 11: Regulation and Genetics Plant Viruses

ISBN-13: 9781468427233 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 348 str.

Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat

Opis

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalu able reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts."

Spis treści

1 Plant Covirus Systems: Three-Component Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Composition.- 2.1. Isocapsidic Viruses.- 2.2. Heterocapsidic Viruses.- 2.3. Separation Methods.- 3. Infectivity.- 3.1. Dose-Infectivity Curves.- 3.2. Infectivity of Nucleoprotein Components.- 3.3. Infectivity of RNAs.- 3.4. Activity of Coat Protein.- 4. Test-Tube Exchange of Genetic Material.- 4.1. Hybrids.- 4.2. Backcross Experiments.- 4.3. Thermosensitive Mutants.- 5. Translation and Aminoacylation.- 5.1. In Vitro Translation.- 5.2. In Vivo Translation.- 5.3. Aminoacylation.- 6. Replication.- 6.1. Double-Stranded RNAs.- 6.2. Replicase.- 7. Discussion.- 8. References.- 2 Plant Covirus Systems: Two-Component Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tobraviruses.- 2.1. Serotypes and Particle Dimensions; Separation of Virions.- 2.2. Particle Structural Homologies.- 2.3. Protein and RNA Molecular Weights.- 2.4. Virion Reconstitution Experiments.- 2.5. Conversion of Unstable TRV to Stable TRV.- 2.6. Infectivity as a Function of Virion Concentration.- 2.7. TRV Hybrids.- 2.8. In Vitro Protein Synthesis.- 2.9. Nucleotide Sequence Relationships.- 2.10. Events in TRV Replication.- 2.11. Possible Significance of Other TRV Components.- 3. Comoviruses.- 3.1. Members of the Comovirus Group.- 3.2. Chemical Composition of the Centrifugal Components.- 3.3. Virion Electrophoretic Forms.- 3.4. Capsid Structure.- 3.5. Infectivity of the Components.- 3.6. Hybrid Comoviruses.- 3.7. In Vitro Protein Synthesis.- 3.8. Nucleotide Sequence Relationships.- 3.9. Infection-Associated RNA Polymerase Activity.- 3.10. Events in Replication.- 4. Nepoviruses.- 4.1. Members of the Nepovirus Group.- 4.2. Chemical Composition of Multiple Centrifugal Components.- 4.3. Component and RNA Infectivities; Hybrid Viruses.- 4.4. Nucleotide Sequence Relationships.- 4.5. The Proteins and RNAs of Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus.- 4.6. Satellite Viruses.- 4.7. Events in Replication.- 5. Other Possible Two-Component Systems.- 6. References.- 3 Defective and Satellite Plant Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Defective Viruses.- 2.1. Productivity of Virus Infection.- 2.2. Specific Infectivity of the Virus.- 2.3. Defective Particles in Preparations of Normal Viruses.- 2.4. Peculiarities of Winter Wheat Mosaic Virus Infection.- 2.5. Missense Mutations and Nonfunctionality of the Virus-Coded Products (Defective and Temperature-Sensitive Phenotypes).- 2.6. Defective Viruses and Genome Masking.- 2.7. Unstable Variants of Tobacco Necrosis Virus.- 2.8. Unstable Variants of Tobacco Rattle Virus and Pea Early-Browning Virus.- 3. Satellitism in Plant Viruses.- 3.1. Association between Tobacco Necrosis Virus and Its Satellite: General Description.- 3.2. Strains of TNV and STNV.- 3.3. Physicochemical Properties and Structure of TNV and STNV.- 3.4. Specificity of STNV Activation by TNV.- 3.5. Interference between TNV and STNV.- 3.6. Coding Properties of STNV Genome.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 4 The Translation of Large Plant Viral RNAs.- 1. Historical Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 3. Translation of TMV RNA.- 3.1. In Vivo.- 3.2. In Cell-Free Systems.- 3.3. Isolation and Translation of TMV LMC.- 3.4. Cowpea Strain of TMV; LMC Virions.- 3.5. The Genetic Map of TMV.- 4. Translation of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus RNA.- 5. Translation of the RNA of Tobacco Necrosis Virus and Its Satellite.- 6. Covirus Genome Translation.- 6.1. Three-Component Coviruses: AMV, BMV.- 6.2. Two-Component Coviruses: TRV, CPMV.- 7. General Aspects of Translation of Plant Viral RNAs.- 7.1. Importance of RNA Structure.- 7.2. Translation of Multiple Products from Large RNAs.- 7.3. Identification of Gene Products, with Particular Reference to RNA Replicase.- 8. References.- 5 Protoplasts in the Study of Plant Virus Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Protoplasts from Leaf Mesophyll.- 2.1. Isolation.- 2.2. Culture.- 3. Infection of Protoplasts.- 3.1. Inoculation Procedure.- 3.2. Levels of Infection.- 3.3. Efficiency of Infection.- 3.4. Number of Virus Particles Involved in Infection.- 3.5. Process of Virus Entry.- 3.6. Inoculation with Viral RNA.- 4. Studies of Plant Virus Replication Using Protoplasts.- 4.1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus.- 4.2. Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus.- 4.3. Brome Mosaic Virus.- 4.4. Cucumber Mosaic Virus.- 4.5. Cowpea Mosaic Virus.- 4.6. Tobacco Rattle Virus.- 4.7. Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus.- 4.8. Potato Virus X.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 6 Viroids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biological Properties.- 2.1. Propagation Hosts and Environmental Factors.- 2.2. Inoculation Procedures.- 2.3. Bioassay of Viroids.- 2.4. Host Range.- 2.5. Cytopathic Effects.- 2.6. Subcellular Location in Situ.- 3. Evidence for Existence of Viroids.- 3.1. Sedimentation Properties and Nuclease Sensitivity..- 3.2. Absence of Virions.- 3.3. Molecular Weight Estimates of Native Viroids.- 3.4. Identification of Viroids as Physical Entities.- 4. Purification.- 5. Physical and Chemical Properties.- 5.1. Molecular Weight.- 5.2. Thermal Denaturation Properties.- 5.3. Radiation Sensitivity.- 5.4. Electron Microscopy of Viroids.- 5.5. Molecular Structure.- 5.6. Composition and Primary Sequence.- 6. Replication.- 6.1. Messenger RNA Properties.- 6.2. RNA-Directed RNA Synthesis.- 6.3. DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis.- 6.4. De Novo Synthesis of Viroids.- 7. Possible Origin of Viroids.- 8. Conclusions and Speculations.- 9. Appendix: Determination of Viroid Nature of Unknown Pathogen.- 9.1. Criteria for Suspecting Viroid Nature of Pathogen..- 9.2. Sedimentation Properties.- 9.3. Nuclease Sensitivity.- 9.4. Insensitivity to Treatment with Phenol.- 9.5. Electrophoretic Mobility.- 10. References.