Comparative Anatomy of the External and Middle Ear of Palaeognathous Birds

ISBN-13: 9783540589914 / Angielski / Miękka / 1995 / 138 str.

J. Matthias Starck;Starck

Opis

This volume documents a comparative anatomical approach towards the functional morphology of the middle ear of pathaegnathous and basal neognathous birds. To aid the study, exact images of "non-structures" like the air-filled spaces of the avian skull are in the form of brush images.

Recenzje

"...an excellent combination of classical and modern morphological techniques and outstanding, detailed illustrations...Dr. Starck is to be congratulated for his excellent work." IBIS

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objectives of this Study.- 1.2 Literature Review.- 1.3 Theoretical Concepts: Questions and “Answers”.- 1.3.1 Description and Representation.- 1.3.2 Comparative Approach, Homology, Systematics, and Phylogeny.- 1.3.3 Functional Approach.- 1.3.4 Ecomorphology.- 1.4 Basic Functional Concepts of the Avian Middle Ear: The Transfer Function.- 1.4.1 Area Ratio.- 1.4.2 Lever Systems.- 1.4.3 Curved Membrane and Resonance Effects.- 1.4.4 Impedance of the Middle Ear.- 1.5 Evolutionary History of Middle Ear Structures.- 1.5.1 Homologies of the Avian Middle Ear and the Hyoid Arch.- 1.5.1.1 Stapes.- 1.5.1.2 Tympanic Process of the Extracolumella.- 1.5.1.3 Processus supracolumellaris.- 1.5.1.4 Processus infracolumellaris.- 1.5.2 Phylogenetic Relationship of Palaeognathous and Basic Neognathous Birds.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Species List.- 2.2 Macroscopic Dissections.- 2.3 X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2.4 Morphometry.- 2.5 Microscopic Investigations.- 2.5.1 Serial Sections.- 2.5.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 2.5.3 Three-Dimensional Reconstructions.- 2.5.4 Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Reconstructions.- 2.6 Nomenclature, Synonyms, and Abbreviations.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Species Biology.- 3.1.1 American Rhea (Rhea americana).- 3.1.2 Crested Tinamou (Eudromia elegans).- 3.1.3 Emu (Dromaius novae-hollandiae).- 3.1.4 Cassowary (Casuarius bennetti/Casuarius casuarius).- 3.1.5 Kiwi (Apteryx australis).- 3.1.6 Ostrich (Struthio camelus).- 3.1.7 Barred Button Quail (Turnix suscitator).- 3.2 External Ear Opening: Position, Ear Covers, Form, and Width of Opening.- 3.3 External Auditory Meatus (Meatus acusticus externus): Position and Course, Bordering Structures, and Relation to Fascia and Muscles.- 3.4 Osteology of the Tympanic Region.- 3.5 Tympanic membrane (Membrana tympanica): Position, Orientation, Fixation, and Histology.- 3.6 Tympanic Recesses and Pneumatization of the Neurocranium.- 3.7 Siphonium and Pneumatization of the Mandible and the Quadrate Bone.- 3.8 Pharyngotympanic Tube.- 3.9 Arthrology of the Quadrate Bone.- 3.10 Columella: Stapes and Extracolumella.- 3.11 Ligaments of the Middle Ear.- 3.11.1 Ligamentum ascendens.- 3.11.2 Ligamentum columello-quadratum (Platner’s Ligament).- 3.12 Muscles of the Middle Ear.- 3.12.1 Musculus stapedialis.- 3.12.2 Musculus paratubalis.- 3.13 Nerves.- 3.14 Paratympanic Organ.- 3.15 Arteries.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Towards a Functional Analysis of the Avian Middle Ear.- 4.1.1 Morphological Amplification Function.- 4.1.2 Morphological Impedance.- 4.2 Phylogenetic Implications.- 5 Summary.- 6 References.- 7 Subject Index.- 8 List of Abbreviations and Synonyms Used in Avian Middle Ear Studies.