Combustion and Pollution Control in Heating Systems

ISBN-13: 9783540198499 / Angielski / Miękka / 1994 / 144 str.

V. I. Hanby; Victor I. Hanby

Opis

The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in heating systems is an important topic for students taking courses in building services and related areas including mechanical engineering. The control of pollution from this source is of increasing importance to planners, architects, builders, commercial and industrial property owners and legislators.

Spis treści

1 The Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Combustion Process.- 1.3 The Complete Combustion Reaction.- 1.4 Quantification of the Combustion Reaction.- 2 Stoichiometric Calculations.- 2.1 Applications of the Combustion Equation.- 2.2 Combustion Air Requirements — Gaseous Fuels.- 2.3 Flue Gas Composition — Gaseous Fuels.- 2.4 Combustion Air Requirements — Solid and Liquid Fuels.- 2.5 Combustion Products — Solid and Liquid Fuels.- 2.6 Practical Significance of the Flue Gas Composition.- 2.7 Sub-stoichiometric Combustion.- 2.8 Problems.- 3 Heat Release in Combustion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Constant-pressure Combustion.- 3.3 Enthalpy of a Mixture of Gases.- 3.4 Enthalpy of Combustion.- 3.5 Constant-volume Combustion.- 3.6 Internal Energy of Combustion.- 3.7 Relationship between ?H25 and ?U25.- 3.8 Calorific Values.- 3.9 List of Symbols.- 3.10 Problems.- 4 Flame Temperature.- 4.1 Energy Balance on a System.- 4.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature.- 4.3 Specific Heats of Gases.- 4.4 Calculation Algorithm.- 4.5 Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures.- 4.6 References.- 4.7 List of Symbols.- 4.8 Problems.- 5 Equilibrium Composition of Flames.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium.- 5.3 Calculation of the Equilibrium Composition.- 5.4 Dissociated Flame Temperature.- 5.5 Dissociation with Hydrocarbon Fuels.- 5.6 References.- 5.7 List of Symbols.- 6 Efficiency of Combustion Plant.- 6.1 Plant Efficiency.- 6.2 Direct Determination of Efficiency.- 6.3 Inferential Measurement of Efficiency.- 6.4 Efficiency and Flue Gas Temperature.- 6.5 Flue Gas Dew Point.- 6.6 Efficiency of a Condensing Boiler.- 6.7 References.- 6.8 List of Symbols.- 6.9 Problems.- 7 Gaseous Fuels.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Natural Gas.- 7.3 Town Gas (Coal Gas).- 7.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).- 7.5 Combustion of Gaseous Fuels.- 7.5.1 Flammability Limits.- 7.5.2 Burning Velocity.- 7.5.3 Wobbe Number.- 7.6 Gas Burners.- 7.6.1 Diffusion Burners.- 7.6.2 Premixed Burners.- 7.7 References.- 7.8 List of Symbols.- 8 Liquid Fuels.- 8.1 Occurrence and Processing.- 8.2 Properties of Oil Fuels.- 8.3 Combustion of Liquid Fuels.- 8.4 Pressure Jet Burners.- 8.5 Rotary Cup Burners.- 8.6 Twin-fluid Atomisers.- 8.7 Storage of Liquid Fuels.- 8.8 References.- 9 Solid Fuels.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Coal Classification.- 9.3 Coal Properties.- 9.4 Coal Combustion.- 9.5 Coal Storage and Handling.- 9.6 References.- 10 Emissions from Combustion Plant.- 10.1 Environmental Considerations.- 10.2 The Greenhouse Effect.- 10.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions.- 10.4 Carbon Monoxide.- 10.5 Oxides of Nitrogen.- 10.5.1 Atmospheric Nitrogen.- 10.5.2 Fuel-bound Nitrogen.- 10.5.3 NOx Levels.- 10.5.4 Low-NOx Burner Design.- 10.6 Oxides of Sulphur.- 10.6.1 The SOx Problem.- 10.6.2 Sulphur Trioxide Formation.- 10.6.3 Flue Gas Desulphurisation.- 10.7 Particulate Emissions.- 10.7.1 Solid Formation in Combustion.- 10.7.2 Soot Formation.- 10.7.3 Cenosphere Formation.- 10.7.4 Acid Smut Formation.- 10.7.5 Ash.- 10.8 List of Symbols.- 10.9 References.- 11 Flues and Chimneys.- 11 Functions of the Flue System.- 12 Chimney Heat Transfer.- 11.2.1 Heat Transfer Mechanism.- 11.2.2 U-value of a Chimney.- 11.2.3 Temperature Distribution in a Chimney.- 13 Pressure Loss.- 11.3.1 Chimney Draught.- 11.3.2 Flow Resistance.- 11.4 Chimney Location.- 11.5 List of Symbols.- 11.6 References.