Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine

ISBN-13: 9781119259558 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 624 str.

Catherine Hadfield; Leigh Clayton

Recenzje

"It is new textbook that will quickly become one of the standard references for aquatic and exotic practitioners....The advantage of this textbook is the integration of newly cited literature to an overview of fish medicine that is accessible to any aquatic clinician. It is meant to be a concise clinical guide not an encyclopedic reference. It is also one of the only textbooks that provides a comprehensive perspective for cartilaginous species. The practical organization makes it a user-friendly tool for a busy practitioner." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 40 (2022) 8

Spis treści

Preface and AcknowledgmentsList of ContributorsSECTION A- Chapter A1 - Anatomy and Taxonomyo A1.1 Introductiono A1.2 Anatomy of Bony FishA1.2.1 Body PlanA1.2.2 IntegumentA1.2.3 Musculoskeletal SystemA1.2.4 Buoyancy OrgansA1.2.5 Adipose TissueA1.2.6 Ocular AnatomyA1.2.7 Auditory AnatomyA1.2.8 Olfactory and Gustatory AnatomyA1.2.9 Oral/Pharyngeal CavityA1.2.10 Gastrointestinal SystemA1.2.11 Liver and GallbladderA1.2.12 Respiratory SystemA1.2.13 Cardiovascular SystemA1.2.14 Lymphomyeloid SystemA1.2.15 Endocrine SystemA1.2.16 Urogenital SystemA1.2.17 Neurologic Systemo A1.3 Anatomy of Cartilaginous FishA1.3.1 Body PlanA1.3.2 IntegumentA1.3.3 Musculoskeletal SystemA1.3.4 Buoyancy OrgansA1.3.5 Ocular AnatomyA1.3.6 Auditory AnatomyA1.3.7 Olfactory and Gustatory AnatomyA1.3.8 Oral/Pharyngeal CavityA1.3.9 Gastrointestinal SystemA1.3.10 Liver and GallbladderA1.3.11 Respiratory SystemA1.3.12 Cardiovascular SystemA1.3.13 Hematopoietic and Immunologic SystemA1.3.14 Endocrine SystemA1.3.15 Urogenital SystemA1.3.16 Neurologic Systemo A1.4 TaxonomyA1.4.1 Taxonomy of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)A1.4.1 Taxonomy of Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)- Chapter A2: Water Qualityo A2.1 Introductiono A2.2 Water Sourceo A2.3 Dissolved Oxygeno A2.4 Total Gas Pressureso A2.5 Temperatureo A2.6 Salinity and Salt Compositiono A2.7 Nitrogenous Wastes (Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate)o A2.8 pHo A2.9 Alkalinity and Hardnesso A2.10 Carbon Dioxideo A2.11 Chlorines and Chloramineso A2.12 Iodide and Iodateo A2.13 Heavy Metalso A2.14 Turbidity/Suspended Solidso A2.15 Microbiome and Bacterial Testingo A2.16 Water Quality Testing Optionso A2.17 Conclusion- Chapter A3: Life Support Systemso A3.1 Introductiono A3.2 Bacteria and other Microorganismso A3.3 System Typeo A3.4 Oxygenation and Gas Exchangeo A3.5 Water Flowo A3.6 Mechanical FiltrationA3.6.1 Surface SkimmingA3.6.2 PrefiltersA3.6.3 Sand/Canister/Bead filtersA3.6.4 Settling/Sedimentation TanksA3.6.5 Foam FractionatorsA3.6.6 Activated CarbonA3.6.7 FlocculationA3.6.8 Mechanical Filtration Trouble-Shootingo A3.7 Biological Filtration and NitrificationA3.7.1 Biological Filtration Trouble-Shootingo A3.8 Denitrificationo A3.9 Ecological Scrubberso A3.10 Water DisinfectionA3.10.1 Ultraviolet Light DisinfectionA3.10.2 Ozone Disinfectiono A3.11 Temperature Controlo A3.12 Noise and Vibrationo A3.13 Lightingo A3.14 Other Life-Support Equipmento A3.15 Pond Life-Supporto A3.16 Coral Reef Life-Supporto A3.17 Conclusion- Chapter A4 - Nutrition and Nutritional Supporto A4.1 Introductiono A4.2 Natural HistoryA4.2.1 Wild Diet and Foraging EcologyA4.2.2 Metabolism and EnergeticsA4.2.3 Anatomy and Digestiono A4.3 Nutrient RequirementsA4.3.1 Sources of EnergyA4.3.2 ProteinA4.3.3 LipidA4.3.4 CarbohydratesA4.3.5 VitaminsA4.3.6 MineralsA4.3.7 Other AdditivesA4.3.8 Nutrient Choiceo A4.4 FeedingA4.4.1 Diet Selection and FormulationA4.4.2 Food TypesA4.4.3 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementationo A4.4.4 Feeding Behavior, Amount, and FrequencyA4.4.5 Body Conditiono A4.5 Food Storage and PreparationA4.5.1 Food Safety and MonitoringA4.5.2 StorageA4.5.3 Food PreparationA4.5.4 Quality Controlo A4.6 Nutritional SupportA4.6.1 Appetite StimulantsA4.6.2 Assisted Feedingo A4.7 Larval and Broodstock Nutritiono A4.8 New Directions in Fish Nutrition Research- Chapter A5 - Fish Behavior: Training and Enrichmento A5.1 Introductiono A5.2 Fish Abilitieso A5.3 Benefits of Behavioral Managemento A5.4 Introduction to the Science of Learningo A5.5 Before Training Beginso A5.6 Getting Started with Trainingo A5.7 Basic Trainingo A5.8 Beyond Basic Training (Other Reasons to Train)o A5.9 Modifying Problem Behaviorso A5.10 Conclusion- Chapter A6 - Clinical Examinationo A6.1 Introductiono A6.2 Historyo A6.3 Clinical ExaminationA6.3.1 ObservationA6.3.2 Transport ConsiderationsA6.3.3 Handling ConsiderationsA6.3.4 Manual RestraintA6.3.5 Chemical RestraintA6.3.6 Components of the Physical Examinationo A6.4 Individual Identificationo A6.5 Diagnostic SamplingA6.5.1 Skin ScrapesA6.5.2 Gill BiopsiesA6.5.3 Fin BiopsiesA6.5.4 Fecal CollectionA6.5.5 Diagnostic ImagingA6.5.6 Blood CollectionA6.5.7 Musculoskeletal Impression Smears, Aspirates, or BiopsiesA6.5.8 Coelomic Aspirates or BiopsiesA6.5.9 Periocular and Ocular AspiratesA6.5.10 Cerebrospinal Fluid CollectionA6.5.11 Egg or Sperm Collectiono A6.6 Commercial Laboratories- Chapter A7 - Clinical Pathologyo A7.1 Introductiono A7.2 Reference Materials in Fish Medicineo A7.3 Wet Mount ExaminationsA7.3.1 Skin ScrapesA7.3.2 Gill Biopsies/Gill ClipsA7.3.3 Fin Biopsies/Fin ClipsA7.3.4 Fecal Wet MountsA7.3.5 Tissue Wet Mounts/Squash Preparationso A7.4 Cytologic ExaminationA7.4.1 Factors that Affect the Diagnostic Quality of Stained CytologiesA7.4.2 Cytologic Sample Evaluationo A7.5 Histopathologyo A7.6 HematologyA7.6.1 Hematologic Sample ProcessingA7.6.2 Hematologic Sample EvaluationA7.6.3 Special Stains for Hematologyo A7.7 Blood BiochemistryA7.7.1 Biochemistry Sample ProcessingA7.7.2 Biochemistry Sample Evaluationo A7.8 Toxicologic and Nutritional AnalysesA7.8.1 ToxicologyA7.8.2 Vitamin and Mineral Analysiso A7.9 MicrobiologyA7.9.1 BacteriologyA7.9.2 Virologyo A7.10 Molecular DiagnosticsA7.10.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification MethodsA7.10.2 DNA Sequencingo A7.11 Immunohistochemistryo A7.12 In Situ Hybridizationo A7.13 Antibody-Based TestingA7.13.1 Fluorescent Antibody TestingA7.13.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)o A7.14 Conclusion- Chapter A8 - Diagnostic Imagingo A8.1 Introductiono A8.2 Conventional RadiographyA8.2.1 Radiographic SafetyA8.2.2 Plain RadiographyA8.2.3 Contrast RadiographyA8.2.4 Interventional Radiographyo A8.3 Computed Tomographyo A8.4 Magnetic Resonance Imagingo A8.5 Ultrasonographyo A8.6 Common Abnormalities Identified with Diagnostic ImagingA8.6.1 Spinal PathologyA8.6.2 Swim Bladder PathologyA8.6.3 Skin and Pouch Pathology in SyngnathidsA8.6.4 Gastrointestinal PathologyA8.6.5 Hepatic PathologyA8.6.6 Reproductive Pathologyo A8.7 Conclusion- Chapter A9 - Necropsy and Ancillary Diagnosticso A9.1 Introductiono A9.2 Specimen SelectionA9.2.1 Euthanasia of Fisho A9.3 Human Safetyo A9.4 Equipment Neededo A9.5 Gross NecropsyA9.5.1 Ancillary DiagnosticsA9.5.2 External ExaminationA9.5.3 Gill, Skin, and Fin Wet MountsA9.5.4 Necropsy ApproachA9.5.5 Examination In SituA9.5.6 Organ EvaluationA9.5.7 Organ Wet Mounts and Impression SmearsA9.5.8 Sample Storage and Bio-artifactsA9.5.9 Disposalo A9.6 HistologyA9.6.1 FixativesA9.6.2 SamplesA9.6.3 ShippingA9.6.4 Processing and StainsA9.6.5 Histopathologic Interpretationo A9.7 Conclusion- Chapter A10 - Anesthesia and Analgesiao A10.1 Introductiono A10.2 Anatomical and Physiological ConsiderationsA10.2.1 Respiratory SystemsA10.2.2 Skin and MuscleA10.2.3 Temperature and Metabolismo A10.3 Water Quality ConsiderationsA10.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen and TemperatureA10.3.2 pH and Nitrogenous WasteA10.3.3 Ionic Balanceo A10.4 Anesthetic Techniques and DrugsA10.4.1 Human SafetyA10.4.2 Preanesthetic PreparationA10.4.3 Anesthetic Drug Administration and Agentso A10.5 Monitoring, Support, Recovery, and ResuscitationA10.5.1 Anesthetic DepthA10.5.2 Cardiopulmonary ActivityA10.5.3 Water Quality MonitoringA10.5.4 RecoveryA10.5.5 Resuscitationo A10.6 Analgesiao A10.7 Euthanasia- Chapter A11 - Surgery and Endoscopyo A11.1 Introductiono A11.2 General Surgical PrinciplesA11.2.1 Preparation of the PatientA11.2.2 Instrumentation and VisualizationA11.2.3 SutureA11.2.4 Post-operative Managemento A11.3 Surgical ProceduresA11.3.1 External Mass Excision/BiopsyA11.3.2 Ophthalmic SurgeryA11.3.3 Pseudobranch AblationA11.3.4 Coeliotomyo A11.4 General Endoscopy PrinciplesA11.4.1 Rigid Endoscopy InstrumentationA11.4.2 Rigid Endoscope Handling and UseA11.4.3 EndosurgeryA11.4.4 Flexible Endoscopyo A11.5 Endoscopic ProceduresA11.5.1 Gill Endoscopy and StomatoscopyA11.5.2 GastroscopyA11.5.3 CloacoscopyA11.5.4 CoelioscopyA11.5.5 PneumocystoscopyA11.5.6 Biopsy Sample HandlingA11.5.7 Endosurgical Procedureso A11.6 Conclusion- Chapter A12 - Medical Treatmento A12.1 Introductiono A12.2 Environmental Optionso A12.3 Routes of AdministrationA12.3.1 InjectableA12.3.2 OralA12.3.3 ImmersionA12.3.4 TopicalA12.3.5 Other Routeso A12.4 Commonly Used Medical TreatmentsA12.4.1 AntibioticsA12.4.2 AntiparasiticsA12.4.3 AntifungalsA12.4.4 AntiviralsA12.4.5 Anti-inflammatoriesA12.4.6 Hormoneso A12.5 Vaccineso A12.6 Immune Stimulantso A12.7 Critical CareA12.7.1 Resuscitation of a Non-responsive FishA12.7.2 Fluid Therapyo A12.8 LegislationA12.8.1 International LegislationA12.8.2 Legislation in the United StatesA12.8.3 Legislation in Europeo A12.9 Conclusion- Chapter A13 - Environmental Considerations of Immersion Medicationso A13.1 Introductiono A13.2 Impacts of Water Chemistry on Immersion Medicationo A13.3 Effects of Water Clarification and Disinfection on Immersion Medicationso A13.4 Effects of Immersion Medications on the Biological Filtrationo A13.5 Microbiome Effectso A13.6 Effects on Target and Non-target Specieso A13.7 Medication Assayso A13.8 Diving or Swimming in Medicated Watero A13.9 Disposal of Medicated WaterA13.9.1 Discharge to Municipal Sanitary SewerA13.9.2 Discharge to a Natural Body of WaterA13.9.3 Return to the Institution's Water SystemA13.9.4 Biotic or Abiotic Removal or Destruction of the MedicationA13.9.5 Transfer to an Evaporation Pondo A13.10 Record-keepingo A13.11 Specific Drug ExamplesA13.11.1 FormalinA13.11.2 Trichlorfon or MetrifonateA13.11.3 PraziquantelA13.11.4 Copper Sulfate, Chelated CopperA13.11.5 Chloroquine- Chapter A14 - Acquisition and Transporto A14.1 Introductiono A14.2 Source and SustainabilityA14.2.1 Cultured or Previously Wild-Caught FishA14.2.2 Recently Wild-Caught Fisho A14.3 General Principles of Acquisition and Transporto A14.4 PreparationA14.4.1 Risk AssessmentA14.4.2 Pre-shipment ConditioningA14.4.3 Mock TransportsA14.4.4 Feeding and Fastingo A14.5 Catch and Handling RecommendationsA14.5.1 Aquarium or Pond Bony FishA14.5.2 Aquarium Cartilaginous FishA14.5.3 Free-ranging Bony FishA14.5.4 Free-ranging Cartilaginous Fisho A14.6 Transport ContainersA14.6.1 Shipping BagsA14.6.2 Rigid Transport ContainersA14.6.3 AdditivesA14.6.4 Temperature ControlA14.6.5 Filtration and Monitoring SystemsA14.6.6 Staffing and Medical Interventiono A14.7 Transport OptionsA14.7.1 By RoadA14.7.2 By AirA14.7.3 By BoatA14.7.4 By Parcel Carriero A14.8 Acclimation on Arrivalo A14.9 Legislationo A14.10 Conclusion- Chapter A15 - Quarantineo A15.1 Introductiono A15.2 Critical ComponentsA15.2.1 Acquisition PlanningA15.2.2 Isolation and BiosecurityA15.2.3 Environmental ConditionsA15.2.4 Close MonitoringA15.2.5 Diagnostics and TreatmentsA15.2.6 Accurate Recordso A15.3 Risk Assessment ApproachA15.3.1 Example 1: Quarantine of Koi for an Established Koi PondA15.3.2 Example 2: Quarantine of Neon Tetras for a New Home AquariumA15.3.3 Example 3: Quarantine of a Group of Tropical Marine Teleosts for a Display AquariumA15.3.4 Example 4: Quarantine of Pelagic, Ram-ventilating Shark for a Display AquariumA15.3.5 Example 5: Quarantine of Tilapia for an Established Tilapia Culture Facilityo A15.4 Training and Enrichmento A15.5 'Failing' Quarantineo A15.6 Clearing Quarantineo A15.7 Reviewing Quarantine ResultsSECTION B Presenting Problems- B1 Acute Mortalities in a Group- B2 Respiratory or Cardiovascular Signso B2.1 Dyspnea and Tachypneao B2.2 Gill Pallor- B3 Cutaneous Signso B3.1 Red/Erosive Skin Lesionso B3.2 White Skin Lesionso B3.3 Dark Skin Lesionso B3.4 Pruritus- B4 Gastrointestinal or Coelomic Signso B4.1 Inappetence, Weight Losso B4.2 Coelomic Distensiono B4.3 Dental Diseaseo B4.4 Cloacal/Anal Distension or Prolapse- B5 Musculoskeletal or Neurologic Signso B5.1 Spinal Deformityo B5.2 External Masseso B5.3 Circling or Spiralingo B5.4 Positive Buoyancyo B5.5 Negative Buoyancy- B6 Ocular Signso B6.1 Exophthalmos or Buphthalmoso B6.2 Ocular OpacitySECTION C- C1 Non-Infectious Diseases (Environmental)o C1.1 Low Dissolved Oxygeno C1.2 Gas Supersaturationo C1.3 Barotraumao C1.4 Temperature Stresso C1.5 pH Stresso C1.6 Ammonia Toxicityo C1.7 Nitrite Toxicityo C1.8 Nitrate Toxicityo C1.9 Chlorine and Chloramine Toxicityo C1.10 Heavy Metal Toxicityo C1.11 Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicityo C1.12 Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity- C2 Non-Infectious Diseases (Other)o C2.1 Physical Traumao C2.2 Electrical Traumao C2.3 Exertional Myopathyo C2.4 Lateral Line Depigmentationo C2.5 Thyroid Hyperplasia (Goiter)o C2.6 Mucometra and Ovarian Cystso C2.7 Egg Retention or Egg Bindingo C2.8 Dystociao C2.9 Cataractso C2.10 Lipid Keratopathy (Corneal Lipidosis)o C2.11 Obesityo C2.12 Micronutrient Deficiencyo C2.13 Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodieso C2.14 Neoplasia- C3 Viral Diseaseso C3.1 Viral Diseases (General)o C3.2 Cyprinid Herpesviruseso C3.3 Ictalurid Herpesviruseso C3.4 Rhabdoviruseso C3.5 Birnaviruseso C3.6 Pox Viruseso C3.7 Lymphocystiviruseso C3.8 Ranaviruseso C3.9 Megalocytiviruseso C3.10 Orthomyxoviruseso C3.11 Betanodaviruses- C4 Bacterial Diseaseso C4.1 Bacterial Diseases (General)o C4.2 Aeromonas salmonicidao C4.3 Motile Aeromonad Septicemiao C4.4 Vibriosiso C4.5 Enteric Septicemia of Catfisho C4.6 Edwardsiellosiso C4.7 Columnaris and Flexibacteriosiso C4.8 Flavobacterium psychrophilumo C4.9 Yersiniosiso C4.10 Streptococcosiso C4.11 Renibacterium salmoninarumo C4.12 Mycobacteriosiso C4.13 Nocardiosiso C4.14 Epitheliocystiso C4.15 Francisellosiso C4.16 Piscirickettsiosis- C5 Fungal and Fungal-Like Diseaseso C5.1 Oomycota (Saprolegniasis)o C5.2 Exophiala spp.o C5.3 Fusarium spp.o C5.4 Microsporidiao C5.5 Mesomycetozoa (DRIPs)- C6 Protozoal Diseaseso C6.1 Ichthyophthirius multifiliiso C6.2 Cryptocaryon irritanso C6.3 Chilodonella spp.o C6.4 Brooklynella spp.o C6.5 Scuticociliateso C6.6 Trichodinidso C6.7 Sessile Ciliateso C6.8 Cryptobia spp.o C6.9 Ichthyobodo spp.o C6.10 Spironucleus and Hexamita spp.o C6.11 Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium spp.o C6.12 Amoebic Gill Disease- C7 Metazoan Diseaseso C7.1 Monogeneans (General)o C7.2 Capsalid Monogeneanso C7.3 Dactylogyrid Monogeneanso C7.4 Gyrodactylid Monogeneanso C7.5 Monocotylid Monogeneanso C7.6 Microbothriid Monogeneanso C7.7 Polyopisthocotyle Monogeneanso C7.8 Digenes (Excluding Blood Flukes)o C7.9 Digenes (Blood Flukes)o C7.10 Turbellariao C7.11 Cestodeso C7.12 Leecheso C7.13 Ascarid Nematodeso C7.14 Camallanid Nematodeso C7.15 Philometrid Nematodeso C7.16 Anguillicolid Nematodeso C7.17 Trichosomonoidid Nematodeso C7.18 Pentastomidso C7.19 Acanthocephalanso C7.20 Copepodso C7.21 Isopodso C7.22 Branchiurans- C8 Myxozoan and Coccidial Diseaseso C8.1 Myxozoan (General)o C8.2 Enteromyxum spp.o C8.3 Henneguya spp.o C8.4 Myxobolus spp.o C8.5 Ceratonova and Ceratomyxa spp.o C8.6 Hoferellus spp.o C8.7 Kudoa spp.o C8.8 Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeo C8.9 Eimeria spp.o C8.10 Cryptosporidium spp.-Appendiceso Appendix 1 - Conversionso Appendix 2 - Common Disinfectantso Appendix 3 - Fish Diagnostic Laboratories in the USA, by stateo Appendix 4 - Veterinary Training Programs in Aquatic Animal Medicine

O autorze

The editorsCatherine Hadfield, MA, VetMB, MRCVS, DACZM, DECZM (Zoo Health Management), is the Senior Veterinarian at the Seattle Aquarium in Seattle, Washington, USA.Leigh Clayton, DVM, DABVP (Avian Practice and Amphibian and Reptile Practice), eMBA, is the Vice President of Animal Care at the New England Aquarium in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.